Symptoms And Treatment Of Parkinson s Disease - 1491 Words

In order to live a fulfilling life, an individual should utilize the resources that are available to them throughout their lives, in particular the health care services. For example, my grandmother, age 85, was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease in 2011 and is now a patient in the health care system. Parkinson’s disease is â€Å"when neurons in the substantia nigra degenerate, the resulting loss of dopamine causes the nerve cells of the striatum to fire excessively. This makes it impossible for people to control their movements, leading to the primary motor symptoms of PD†(National Institute of Neurological Disorders, 2004). She has not been capable of functioning with day-to-day tasks without additional help. To avoid any other accidents due†¦show more content†¦If I were not there to guide and assist my grandmother she states that she would definitely distance herself from receiving the health care she might need because it would require more from her than it could provide. It just seems too far out of reach for any elderly person to receive the proper medical care and attention without outreach programs. One common experience my grandmother mentioned was that before she found the right doctor after many different specialists and physicians, the doctors the health care system would refer her to had not ever taken her best interest at heart. She has never expected for a doctor to be emotionally, physically and mentally supportive throughout her journey but she has felt that they had no concerns as to her needs. As mentioned in the text, colleague orientation is â€Å"a physician orientation toward gaining the esteem and regard of one’s colleagues; fostered by any health care provider arrangement that does not involve direct reimbursement to physicians by patients† (Taylor, 2014, p. 317). This requires that patients wait longer to see the doctor, but the appointments run for about 10-15 minutes, barely leaving any room to thoroughly go over any questions or comments regarding their medical conditions. This is due to high amounts of referrals and less focus on the patients. Many times, language barrier has been a big issue

The Rocking Horse Winner By F. H. Lawrence, And The Lottery

Writing is utilized to express some person s sentiments or to go about as a teaching to the diverse readers. The writer shows these sentiments or teachings in a lot of ways. In the short story The Rocking-Horse Winner, the author utilizes setting, imagery, and irony to accomplish the hidden theme in this short story, which is the absence of love that prompt the quest for cash and material wealth, or greed, and will eventually obliterate happiness and prompt inevitable defeat. In The Lottery, the author uses its setting and irony to show the theme, which is violence and cruelty towards another human being shows there is a lack of love in the community. In The Rocking-Horse Winner, by D. H. Lawrence, and The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson, the two makers represent symbols and subjects all through their stories in which one common thought is existent: the absence of affection will prompt defeat. The Rocking-Horse Winner, composed by David Herbert Lawrence is an example of inheritance of industrialist society where every family was compelled to acquire more cash in spite of unsuitable results. The author shows his state of mind to the cash overwhelmed society; in his short story he scrutinizes influence of cash and impact of the capitalist society on human connections. The topic of The Rocking-Horse Winner is the ruinous force of greed, which crushes human sentiments, connections, and even lives. Cash is the base of all immoral. The main character of the story, Paul, isShow MoreRelatedHistory of the Development of the Short Story.3660 Words   |  15 Pagesshort stories was so great and the money paid for such so high that F. Scott Fitzgerald repeatedly turned to short-story writing to pay his numerous debts. The post-war era The period following World War II saw a great flowering of literary short fiction in the United States. The New Yorker continued to publish the works of the form’s leading mid-century practitioners, including Shirley Jackson, whose story, â€Å"The Lottery,† published in 1948, elicited the strongest response in the magazine’sRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesshould be spending most of our lives airborne at 40 000 feet. â€Å" . . . world population, and also the available labour force in industrial countries, is doubl- This can be contrasted with a rather more serious comment made by Professor William H. Pickering of Harvard in a speech made during June 1908, in which his lack of imagination is as extreme as De Jouvenal’s excess: † carrying innumerable passengers in a way analogous to our modern steamship. It seems safe to say that such ideasRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages Management—-Study and teaching. 2. Management—Problems, exercises, etc. Kim S. II. Title. HD30.4.W46 2011 658.40071 173—dc22 I. Cameron, 2009040522 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN 10: 0-13-612100-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-612100-8 B R I E F TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S Preface xvii Introduction 1 PART I 1 2 3 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 Developing Self-Awareness 45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4 5 6 7 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS

Canto Vs. Dante s Inferno - 944 Words

Canto V Dante is forever immortalized for his work named â€Å"A Divine Comedy† but most importantly the first part entitled â€Å"Inferno†. Dante invasions his hell as layers within the earth’s crust, hell is categorized with layers each one of the seven deadly sins in order. From upper layer to middle the sins are lust, gluttony, greed, sloth, wrath, envy and pride. In the center is Satan who is frozen in ice up to his chest and gnawing on traitors in each of his three mouths. The reason that Satan is in the middle of the pride layer is because his pride was his downfall. The Inferno starts with Dante on a path in the woods where he tries to climb a mountain but is stopped by a leopard, a lion and a she-wolf. Dante runs away from these beasts and Virgil the Roman Poet comes out from the darkness and tells Dante that he will guide Dante back to home. The first layer of hell isn’t really a layer it’s more like the middle, of heaven and hell that is. The souls in purgatory are the souls that did not choose to be good or evil but rather neutral. Virgil and Dante then come to the second layer of hell, the region where the people condemned for the sin of lust reside. Before this layer is the judge Minos, who places the dead’s souls into the layer that they confessed to him. He wraps his tail around him as many times as the number of the layer that particular soul is sent to. He lets Dante and Virgil pass into the second layer of hell. The Souls in this region are condemned to spinShow MoreRelatedThe Philosophy Of The Inferno973 Words   |  4 Pagesinevitably yield the many painstakingly spent hours of their work lacklustre in comparison to what it might have been. Had Dante not come to understand this paramount truth of literature, surely we would not be dissecting the hundreds of translations that exist. The foresight of writing in commonly understood language is one of the most crucial attributes of Dante s work. In the time of Dante it was the every day individuals of Italy that would consume La Divina Comedia and It was the every day individualsRead MoreDantes Inferno vs. Miltons Paradise Lost901 Words   |  4 PagesDante s Infern o Vs. Milton s Paradise Lost The two stories, Inferno by Dante and Paradise Lost by Milton, were written about the biblical hell and its keeper: Satan. Both of these authors had different views about the hell and Satan. In Paradis Lost, Milton wrote that Satan used to be an angel of God. The devil believed that he was equal to the Lord and he wanted to be greater than him. For this, God banished him to hell. Milton s physical description of Satan is interesting. Since he

Egyptian Lifestyle, Civilization, Religious Beliefs,...

In Cairo, Egypt, one of man s oldest engineered and constructed monuments still remains standing to this day. As one of the wonders of the world these ancient pyramids served as the foundation for the people during this civilization. The Great Pyramid of Giza is also known as the Pyramid of Khufu, Pyramid of Cheops, or Khufu s Pyramid. This pyramid alone is the oldest and the tallest of the three standing on the Giza Necropolis. It stands 15 1/2 miles outside the city of Cairo, Egypt. It is believed the pyramids took approximately 20 years to build with the help with over 1,000 citizens. This paper will discuss the achievement ancient Egyptian lifestyle, civilization, religious beliefs, authority, language, and overall information about the pyramids. Ancient Egypt was one of the earliest, longest-lasting, and most influential civilizations in world history thriving from 3100 - 31 BCE. Life in Egypt was based on many essential key components. The basic foundation of Egypt was the Nile River, This mighty river, which flows north from the heart of Africa to the Mediterranean Sea, nourished the growth of the pharaonic kingdom (History). The Nile River was a magnet of life where animals ate off the banks, merchants traveled down the river selling their goods, and locals to bathe used it. Crops were able to grow near the river because of how rich the soil was and how compact it was at the time. The Egyptian s had acquired excellent skill in the work they performed;Show MoreRelatedGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesa. True purpose of sports nowadays b. Sports and Media 8. Foreign Aid a. How effective is Foreign Aid? 9. Migration a. Is migration/having foreigners good? 10. Subjects a. Literature b. History c. Mathematics d. Universal language 11. Businesses a. Business morality b. Charities as businesses 12. Democracy a. Good vs. Bad 13. Social Issues (only stats provided) a. Gender b. Family c. Equality 14. Governance a. World Governance 15. Others a. CooperationRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesUniversity of Colorado at Denver; Dean J. Nelson, Dutchess Community College; James E. Parejko, Chicago State University; Robert Sessions, Kirkwood Community College; and Stephanie Tucker, California State University Sacramento. Thinking and writing about logical reasoning has been enjoyable for me, but special thanks go to my children, Joshua, 8, and Justine, 3, for comic relief during the months of writing. This book is dedicated to them. For the 2012 edition: This book is dedicated to my wifeRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesEnvironment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost

Polio Vaccine in America - 1048 Words

The Polio Vaccine in America When my daughter was a baby, and we decided to delay vaccination, a friend of my mother-in-law seemed thrilled with our decision. However, she advised to look into the polio vaccine because there wasn t much they could do if someone did contract polio. During my research, I have found that the polio vaccine is all but completely unnecessary for anyone in the United States. Let s take a look at some of the most interesting information I have found. Taken directly from the CDC website: Is polio still a disease seen in the United States? The last cases of naturally occurring paralytic polio in the United States were in 1979, when an outbreak occurred among the Amish in several Midwestern states. From†¦show more content†¦Not only that, but we are paying them to inject poisons into our children, how sick is that? What does formaldehyde do exactly? Low to moderate exposure to formaldehyde can irritate the eyes, nose, mouth, throat and skin, and cause headaches. Formaldehyde may be carcinogenic, and toxic or fatal to humans at high concentrations. In addition, they state that Formalin waste is toxic due to the presence of formaldehyde and methanol. When poured down the drain, it kills some of the biological organisms used for sewage treatment. Carcinogenic, there s that pesky cancer thing again. Oh, and it kills the good biological organisms making the immune system weaker, this stuff just keeps getting better. 2-phenoxyethanol is another chemical used in the production of this Polio vaccine. It is a hazardous material considered harmful if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin, and may cause reproductive defects. This is worthy of note because, like other vaccine package inserts, this one clearly states that long-term studies on the vaccine s effect on fertility have never been done. Additional chemicals present in the Polio vaccine are neomycin, streptomycin, and polymyxin. So now we can add possible infertility to the list of reasons to just say no to the polio vaccine. Call me crazy, but I don t want my child to be a lab rat for testing vaccination related fertility problems. IShow MoreRelatedThe Polio Vaccine Through The Eyes Of Its Creator1218 Words   |  5 Pagescreation of the polio vaccine through the eyes of its creator. Salk also describes his childhood and the events that lead up to his medical breakthrough. Latour, Bruno , Steve Woolgar, and Jonas Salk. Introduction. Laboratory Life. 1986.Reprint. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986. 11. Print. It showed the way that Jonas Salk studied polio and how he came to the conclusion that the vaccine was correct. He also taught that it is a life taking job and that polio vaccine was a difficultRead MoreThe Epidemic Of The Polio Virus1639 Words   |  7 Pagesthe deadly polio virus plaguing America. From 1937 to 1952, known cases of Americans contracting polio skyrocketed from ten thousand to a staggering figure of roughly fifty-seven thousand cases. Of those cases within that time period, approximately one thousand five hundred deaths as a result of polio were recorded. In the year 1953, The National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis provided the scientist Dr. Jonas Salk with the tools necessary to research, and develop a working vaccine to combatRead MoreVaccines Are A Vital Component Of The World s Heath874 Words   |  4 Pages Today, vaccines are a vital component of the world’s heath as they can prevent many diseases. Some parents, though, are against having their children vaccinated because the parents are not educated about vaccines or because they are scared of the risks of vaccines. But what parents do not realize is that vaccines have so many benefits that are crucial to their children’s health. Vaccines are very important and should be mandatory for children because they prevent diseases, protect the â€Å"herd,† andRead MoreEffects of the Poliovirus: Poliomyelitis1504 Words   |  6 Pagesover 90% asymptomatic. ïÆ'Ëœ The challenges eradicating polio range from socio-cultural factors to political and economical factors. There are mainly three endemic areas remaining namely: Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan. ïÆ'Ëœ The solution to the challenges would vary from countries and communities with specific issues. But the direct involvement of the population is crucial making the battle more active than passive with less publicity. INTRODUCTION: Polio had caused 350000 cases of infection in 1988 in overRead MorePolio Is An Incapacitating And Potentially Fatal Infectious Virus1378 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Polio? Poliomyelitis, commonly referred to as Polio, is an incapacitating and potentially fatal, infectious virus. Although it is rare to see someone suffering from the disease, in some countries, such as Nigeria, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, the virus still exists. (Kids Health 1) Before the first vaccine was created, Polio was a threat to all Americans across the nation. The dangerous virus attacked people from all age ranges and left permanent damage on all of its victims. Luckily, at theRead MoreVaccines A Cure Or Curse?984 Words   |  4 PagesVaccines a Cure or Curse? Vaccines were created to protect humans against disease. However, currently many people are questioning their use and many Americans are not vaccinating their children. Vaccines are used to prevent disease not cause more health problems which is why they should be encouraged by health clinics across America and required for children to attend public schools. Public schools should require students to be vaccinated to attend school to protect the health of every student andRead MoreEssay on Polio an American Story by David M.Ochinsky1081 Words   |  5 PagesREVIEW POLIO AN AMERICAN STORY BY DAVID M.OCHINSKY PHAR 6605 Pharmaceutical Industry structure and government regulations PRESENTED BY: Asakiran Nadikatla PRESENTED TO: Gerard Cleaves Polio an American story is a scholarly readable and informative book which covers the lives of many American eminent scientists who struggled a lot to eradicate polio. This book mainly focuses on the mid twentieth century where the people are very eager to find a vaccine to eradicate polio .This bookRead MoreHealth Cases throughout the World975 Words   |  4 Pageseliminating polio in Latin America and the Caribbean, polio, one of the most infectious diseases, paralyzed thousands of children every year worldwide before the oral polio vaccine was introduce in 1977. As polio intestinal virus paralysis by invading the central nervous system, the virus exponentially widespread with a series of polio outbreaks up to 15,000 cases and 1750 deaths each year in Latin America and the Caribbean. In 1985, Pan American Health organization (PAHO) began a polio eradicationRead MoreA Brief Look at Poliomyelitis1287 Words   |  5 PagesPolio or poliomyelitis is a viral infection that normally af fects kids below the age of 5years old. This childhood killer disease has been around for my centuries. Polio was first discovered my Jacob Heine in 1840 and later identified by Karl Landsteiner as poliomyelitis caused by polio virus from the enteric family of viruses. The polio virus is acquired through oral-fecal transmission. The Latin name simply means grey matter, and it is meaning inflation. There is a more serious form that can spreadRead MorePoliomyelitis in Nigeria1712 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction For Nigeria, the polio virus is still around in the country because of purely religious reasons. A section of the country, precisely the northern axis spurned a theory that the polio vaccine was fertility control tool of the west. Nothing could be further from the truth! But for intervention of senior clerics and prominent politicians from the area, there would have a standstill in the eradication efforts. To worsen matters, damage had been done by the time of the intervention

International Business Strategy for Events and Sustainability

Question: Discuss about theInternational Business Strategy for Events and Sustainability. Answer: The purpose of this section is to provide a summary of chapter 7 from international business strategy by Alain Verbeke. In chapter 7 of this book, the main concept described by the author relates to Ferdows- Foreign factory as a competitive weapon. The author applied this concept to demonstrate how different countries integrated the MNEs in business operations (Ryan Deci, 2017). The author asserted that the factories used in MNE needed to be cost-effective, productive, and innovative and should provide customer services to all clients. Through this approach, many factories were created and developed based on different environments. Again, there was a need to change the business environment so as to accommodate the rising number of factories in different countries. There were three main changes in the business environment that needed to be incorporated. The first change related to international trade tariffs (Thomas, 2009). These tariffs declined thereby decreasing the need for international and foreign subsidiaries to mitigate barriers. International trade tariffs acted as trade barrier limiting smooth international trade. This change in business environment inhibited international business operations because foreigner could not overcome trade barriers set by their trading partners. The second change in business environment was the use of modern manufacturing tools (Fletcher, 2012). These tools were capital-intensive thereby requiring a complex supply chain. Modern manufacturing was fully engaged in production (Reece Walker, 2007). These tools emphasized in productivity level instead of low wages. The last cha nge was relating to the time frame between development and manufacturing. The main reason for this change in business environment was attributed to marketing. The process of marketing had become shorter due to plants specialization. Moreover, there was the development of six roles for foreign manufacturing. The author asserted that foreign manufacturing facilities were based on two parameters. The first parameter was strategic purpose of the plant. The second parameter was the strengths of the plant FSAs (Marshall, 2013). Again, there were different factories involved in the foreign business. First, the offshore factory was used to access low-cost production factors. This was the primary purpose of the offshore factory. The management team applied this factory to monitor the process of manufacturing before exports were made. The factory could not develop new FSAs. The second factory was server factory. This factory was applied to manufacture goods as well as to supply goods to different markets in regional and global markets (Hong Wang, 2008). Third, outpost factory was initiated so as to collect all relevant data from the host country. This factor integrated the performance of offshore and server factories so as to meet the actual manufacturing supply side (Krugman et al, 2012). The next factory was source factory. This factory was applied to access low-cost production factors from the input side. This factory was allocated adequate resources so as to deliver the best practice for the plant. The contributory factory was applied by the host and regional output markets to serve a similar purpose as server factory. Lastly, the lead factory was the most viable factor to integrate resources that were used to develop new FSAs. It was also important in manufacturing innovation and to develop input from local clusters. In addition to the above, there was a need to upgrade some factories so as to facilitate them to achieve their primary objectives. Some of the companies to be improved include offshore and server. Three phases were applied to initiate resource recombination from the outpost, server and offshore. The initial phase was to enhance internal performance. The second phase involved accessing and developing external resources. The last stage involved the development of new strategies that focused on improving the entire plant. However, in the process of upgrading server, outpost and offshore in the three stages, several obstacles were faced. First, there was fear of relying on foreign subsidiaries. Again, long-term investments were ignored by treating foreign factories badly (Kotler et al, 2010). Another obstacle was as a result of instability that was created through changing production process and reactions to exchange rates. Lastly, governments ordered MNEs locate in unattractive location . Lastly, the concept of Ferdows is criticized in chapter 7. The first critique was on upgrading all factories. The process of upgrading all factories was based on impossibility. Again, it underestimated the effects of low costs from host countries. Again, the offshore factory was not a good choice because FSAs had no capability to make offshore activities flexible. Chapter Upgrade In this section, journal papers will be applied to upgrade concepts and theories used in chapter 7 from international business strategy by Alain Verbeke. The first article that can be applied to upgrade chapter 7 is an article by Carl Fey, Amar Nayak, and Changqi, 2011. That is, New Kids on the Block: Multinationals from Transforming Economies. According to authors, people were worried about Russian, Chinese and Indian companies emerging as key players in global and international business relations. At present, most of the companies from these countries have emerged as significant players in the global markets through an active transformation in the economy. As long as we take internationalization with great weight, then there is a higher likelihood of achieving global business relations. Another journal to be applied is the Journal of Teaching in International Business, 2009. That is, Challenges and Opportunities of Business Education in Southeast Europe: The Case of a Balkan Business School. This was written by William R Prendergast, 2009. The author used this literature to determine the inconsistency of goals and mission of a school. The concept of pricing is applied to demonstrate how markets work. Again, the concept of introducing a new product in the market as well as the challenges of market estimation are among the concepts in this literature (William, 2009). If we integrate with chapter 7 from international business strategy by Alain Verbeke, then foreign and host countries would have applied the concepts to enhance business sustainability in all factories. The next literature to be applied in the chapter upgrade was written by Hanane Beddi and Ulrike Mayrhofer, 2010. That is, The role of location in headquarters-subsidiaries relationships: An analysis of French multinationals in emerging markets. The author applied the perspective of the role of location in establishing the relationship between headquarter and subsidiaries (Hanane Mayrhofer, 2010). In this case, the analysis used was to focus on business challenges that were exposed to MNEs from nature economies. This considered the growth of subsidiaries that were located in the countries. In the study, the relationship between subsidiaries and headquarters was enhanced by the location of subsidiaries in the economic system, geographic, cultural aspects along with the distance between foreign subsidiaries and headquarters(Verbeke, 2013). Case Analysis Some of BMWs FSAs can be traced back to the 1980s when the company started making massive strides to become a dominant player in automotive markets. The company managed to make new innovations and designs in the industry thereby becoming very competitive in the market (Holmes et al, 2015). Again, BMW managed to make powerful brand equity. The production capacity increased after acquiring Rover. BMW was able to diffuse FSAs to Rover after the acquisition. BMW was able to purchase Rover thereby achieving several advantages such as manufacturing of economies of scale. This added branding power to BMW that was associated with Rovers brand name. The process of acquiring Rover provided BMW with substantial location bound non-locational bound. There was mass production by BMW after the acquisition of Rover. There was additional branding power to BMW thereby increasing production and design by BMW. Again, it managed to gain significant location advantages as a result of the acquisition (Hausman, 2007). The production scale of BMW increased from 400,000 units to 800,000 units after the acquisition. Ferdows framework can be sued to design strategies for BMW to recover Rover manufacturing activities in the UK. The strategic role was to acquire the entire market system of Rover in the UK by BMW. In the initial stages of acquisition, BMW worked and invested heavily in innovation, design, and development so as to transfer full accusation from the UK where Rover originated (Daft, 2015). The Ferdows framework demonstrates how this process enabled BMW to make sales on Rover brand name as well as capitalize on Rovers brands iconic status in the UK. In this case, BMW invested sufficiently in resource recombination after acquiring Rover. BMW was able to drive down on production costs through offshoring some manufacturing procedures to the UK where the acquired facility was based (Dann Dann, 2007). This was a full investment by BMW. This process was successful to both Rover and BMW. Rover managed to increase sales while BMW managed to improve on automobile research and development. Since the acquisition of Rover, BMW has made many successful innovation and designs. There are many BMW manufacturing plants across the globe today. BMW apply certain strategies in the manufacturing of automobiles thus spreading many parts of the globe (Dann Dann, 2004). Currently, BMW is applying modern technology in manufacturing. This has created production facilities that apply robot technology. This strategy assists humans to develop digital application thereby creating modern automobiles and automotive . References Daft, R.L. (2015) Management. South-Western College Pub. Pp. 79-85. Dann, S., Dann, S. (2004)Strategic Internet marketing. Brisbane: John Wiley Sons. Pp. 4-9. Dann Fletcher, F. (2012) Business Problem Solving. Routledge. Pp. 29-45 Hanane, B., Mayrhofer, U. (2010) The role of location in headquarters-subsidiaries relationships: An analysis of French multinationals in emerging markets. 36TH Annual European International Business Academy Conference, AIB-UKI (UK Ireland Chapter), Dublin: Trinity College Dublin (CD-Rom) Hausman, D. M. (2007) The philosophy of economics: An anthology. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp.12-78. Holmes, K, Hughes, M, Mair, J Carlsen, J. (2015) Events and sustainability.1st edition. Abingdon: Routledge. Pp.89-98. Hong, M.X., Wang, X.B. (2008) Informal Control, Knowledge Integration and IJVs Innovation: An Empirical Research in South China. Wireless Communication, Networking, and Mobile Computing, 32 (3), pp. 1-4. Kotler, P, Bowen, J Makens, J. (2010) Marketing for hospitality and tourism. 5th ed. Pearson, Upper Saddle River: NJ. Pp. 67-87. Krugman, P. R., Obstfeld, M., Melitz, M. J. (2012) International Economics: Theory policy 9th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education. Pp. 35-76. Marshall, B. (2013) Accounting Information Systems. Australian edition. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Australia. Pp.78-86. Reece, I. Walker, S. (2007) Teaching, training learning: a practical guide. 6th ed. London: Business Education Publishers Limited. Pp. 45-56. Ryan, R.M., Deci, EL. (2017) Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Need in Motivation, development, and Wellness. The Guilford Press. Pp. 93-112. Thomas, K.W. (2009) Intrinsic Motivation: What Really Drives Employees Engagement. Berret-Koehler publishers. Pp. 67-82. Verbeke, A. (2013) International Business Strategy: Rethinking the Foundations of Global Corporate Success. Management International Review, 55 (1), pp. 151-156. William, R.P. (2009) Challenges and Opportunities of Business Education in Southeast Europe: The Case of a Balkan Business School. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 20 (3), pp. 244-267.

Financial Project Management Planning and Budgeting

Question: Discuss about the Financial Project Managementfor Planning and Budgeting. Answer: Introduction: Within the study, the detailed information of various aspects such as finance, planning, budgeting and many more of the project management will be provided. Project can be derived as the temporary process that has a pre-defined start and end time (Kerzner, 2013). In addition to that, the project is also consist of defined deliverable and scope. Therefore, the project management is the process of using the skills, knowledge and tools for making the project a successful one. Project Finance: Project finance can be referred to the long-term industrial project, infrastructure and public services that are based on a limited or non-recourse financial structure (Walker, 2015). In terms of financing the project, equity and debt are used. In addition to that, the expenses of the project is recovered through the project after its completion. Features of Project Finance Transaction: Highly leveraged: The highly leveraged transaction are leveraged with debt accounting for sixty five to eighty percentage of the expense in terms of normal cases. Independent entity with a finite life: It is like the ancient voyage-to-voyage financings. In this transaction, often the project financing depend on a fresh legal component (Turner, 2016). The legal component is commonly known as Project Company. The Project Company has the sole purpose of completing the project that has limited life time. Capital intensive: Project financing are considered as large scale projects that need a great deal of equity capital and debt (Kerzner, 2013). Project Finance Sources: Capital markets: It is the market where the debt and equity is sold and bought. In this market, channel investment and savings among the suppliers of capitals for example institutional and retail investors as well as users of capital such as government, businesses and individuals occurs (Paivi Antikainen, 2015). Loan stock: Loan stocks are considered as the shares of preferred or common stock. These stocks are used as collateral in terms of safeguarding loan from another party. Retained earnings: It can be referred to the internal sources of finance. It is also known as Ploughing Back of Profits (Verzuh, 2015). Other sources of Finance: Other sources of finance are such as bank borrowing, franchising, business expansion scheme funds and government sources. Implications: Capital markets: The capital market provides equity security. This allows issuing market, bond and stocks directly to the investors from the organization. Loan stock: The recognition of highest value in terms of shares of business is possible (Turner, 2016). Retained earnings: The best of this sources is that it is a long term source so funding. Benefits and Risks of Joint-Ventures: In terms of collaborating on short-term projects or strengthening long-term relationship joint ventures are used by any size of organization. The joint ventures has advantages as well as disadvantages regarding long terms business plan and project funding (Paivi Antikainen, 2015). The Benefits of Joints Ventures: If a joint venture gets successful then it can provide following benefits to the business. Allow to increase productivity, grow faster and generate greater profits Enhance capacity Allow accessing bigger resources that include technology, specialized worker and finance (Kerzner, 2013) Enable sharing cost and risk with partners Often it allows organization to grow business without looking investors or borrowing funds. This may be the greatest advantage to the funding of project. In terms of long terms relationship, the marketing products is one of the biggest advantage that joint venture allow organization by allowing using the consumer database. Joint ventures are extremely flexible. The funding of project can be done according to the requirement of the project as well as organizations (David David, 2016). Joint ventures allow the organizations that operate in different nations to collaborate for establishing long-term relationship. Risks of Joint Ventures: Joint venture with other organization is a very complex task. In order to make the right business venture huge effort and time needed to be guided by accurate activities. Establishing communication among everyone those who involved in the project is really a critical process. This affects the business in terms of funding for projects. The objectives of the venture are not always clear to everyone (Killing, 2012). Equal sharing of investment, expertise or assets among the partners of the venture cannot be seen. This has a really bad impact on the long-term relationship among the organization. Definition of these Processes with Reference to PMBOK: Financial planning: The processes that are associated with the phase are as following. Assembling the main points of the project plan from the previous segments of the plan Recognizing the organization structure of the project plan for identifying the person who is responsible for garneting the primary decision in terms of marketing, operations, financial management, legal compliance, production and staffing (Paivi Antikainen, 2015) Recognizing the operational processes that are needed for completing the project The project analyst along with the technical expertises are required to identify the operating system that will assist the organization to complete the project It is essential to recognize the data that is required to turn the previously discussed activities into estimates of balance, income and cash flow statement The final step will be modifying primary estimates and generate iterations on the financial planning regarding to get better optimistic scenario (Verzuh, 2015) Financial control: The processes of the financial control phase are as following. Determining the overall expense of the proposed project is one of the initial and crucial activity Creating a time frame of the expenses on the project (Paivi Antikainen, 2015) The expenses may be proposed on monthly or annual basis Payback period is a type of financial forecasting in terms of calculating the time needed for return of investment (Verzuh, 2015) Administration and record: The phase is very crucial and is the key of controlling the process of the whole management activity. The processes that are included in the phase are as following. The process include keeping track of the processes The linked processes that run simultaneously are stored accordingly (Kayser, 2013) The information are recorded for further activity Financial Management: Financial management plan: It is the activity of determining the processes of achieving strategically objectives and goals by the organization. An organization creates a financial plan as soon as the objectives and vision is set. The activity includes the following Assessing business environment Confirming the organization objectives and vision Recognizing the kinds of resources required for achieving those objectives Quantifying the quantity of resource Calculating the entire cost for each kind of resource (Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2013) Summarizing the costs for creating a budget Recognizing any issues and risks with the budget set Resource planning: An adequate resource plan includes a schedule that is as descriptive as possible in terms of the information known along with the kinds of resources required for individual activity. Resource estimating is a critical task of this phase and five tools are used for estimating the resources such as following. Expert judgement: This means collecting suggestions from the person who had worked in this kind of project. Alternative analysis: This refers to the process of considering individual options in terms of how to assign the resources (Kayser, 2013). Project management software: The software is very assisting in terms of planning the resources. Cost estimating: It is process of calculating the required cost of the project. In this phase, the information that has been gathered from resource planning is used. Cost budgeting: It is the process of estimating expenditure of the project (Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2013). Cost control: Involved in controlling costs are processes cantered around planning, estimating, budgeting, financing, funding and managing costs so that the project can be completed within the approved budget. Conclusion: From the above study, it can be concluded that the financial project management and activities associated with this management method is very crucial for any project. Irrespective of the source of the funding, the management process depend highly on the project scope and deliverable. References: David, F., David, F. R. (2016). Strategic Management: A Competitive Advantage Approach, Concepts and Cases. 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