Bangladeshi Women in Bricklane Essay Example for Free

Bangl fruit drinkshi Women in Bricklane EssayI al federal agencys said I provide non marry and be sent far away. I will go no farther than these paddy fields. But our mother told us we must not run from our fate. What cannot be changed must be borne. The test of life is to endure.Through such representation of gender and focus on history and dislocation, Monica Ali has extended the unsettled voice in British fiction. In her stunningly accomplished de precisely fresh Brick street (2003) which as well as got adapted in a photo quaternion years later, Ali tries to reconstitute the traditional Bangladeshi culture in a capital of the United Kingdom East End setting. She uses her characters to explore the positioning of Bangladeshi women inside Britain, as the novel focuses on their mixer relations inside and bulgeside the home.This paper aims to explore whether Monica Alis novel Brick Lane (2003) and Sarah Gavrons controersial screen fitting of the same name (2007) can ope n up avenues to discuss a new, if problematic, inclusion of Bangladeshi women in the international world and also to gauze the equivalentities and dissimilarities within the both. twain the novel and the blast created a controversy among the Bangladeshi society life history in London because they found problems with Monica Alis negative portrayal of their community members as being illiterate and backward, which they considered insulting. They claimed that the novel encour suppurated pro-racist, anti-social stereotypes.Brick Lane is the story of the Bangladeshi Muslim community living in the East End of London and in particular, that of Nazneen, her husband Chanu and Hasina, Nazneens good looking sister, who resides in Bangladesh and who was dis birthed by her family for flouting the traditional staged marriage system which she did by eloping with her lover and marrying him at the age of sixteen. Hasinas chaotic day to day life in Dhaka is revealed to us through with(predic ate) a series of regular, candid and some propagation terribly heartbroken letters sent to her sister in London in pidgin English.Nazneen often reminisces about her happy, innocent and c atomic number 18free childhood in her little village in the countryside of Bangladesh with her younger sister Hasina, which now stemmas with her despairing life in her dingy flat in a tall block in the hulk Hamlets. aft(prenominal) an arranged marriage with Chanu, who is already established in London and who is unattractive and twice her age, Nazneen arrives in London at the age of seventeen. The women moving to London and Tower Hamlets in particular had to adapt coming from a rural peasant society to a hostile urban culture. What Brick Lane does is show this transition and the concussion migration has on womens lives. Monica Alis novel shows how, after migration, the position of women in families and in the wider community undergoes a considerable transformation. What Nazneen refuses to do is to encounter herself and her culture as inferior or alien. Here ethnicity becomes a denotation of positivity rather than stigmatised identity.The high rates of poverty characteristic of Bangladeshi households ar shown in the novel, match with the overwhelming sense of isolation faced by the female characters and their reliance on their male counterparts. Consequently, the overall context of the novel presents a picture of deficiency and tall(prenominal)ships for Bangladeshis in Britain. Nazneen who cant speak English has to adapt to her new life in a foreign country with a husband who, although fundamentally kind-hearted, is disheartened for not being able to fulfil his dreams and carry his plans to completion. He believes himself to be above most of the Bangladeshi community members who are uneducated and wanting a great deal of elegance.Chanu scorns the attitude of his superiors who fail to recognise his talent and genius. He keeps a high opinion of himself which makes him a conceited, funny character in spite of his lucidity and his awareness of the conflict surrounded by the first and second generation immigrant, which, to his horror, was portrayed by his eldest daughter Shahana and which make him decide to repatriate his good family to Bangladesh.The novel is challenging in an overwhelming way the strong element of fate. Nazneen and Hasina are two characters through which Ali explores two images of femininity. Nazneen has been the good daughter who sure an arranged marriage and her younger rebellious sister Hasina was the bad daughter who takes her fate into her own hands by eloping with the man she loved and was consequently disowned by her father. Nazneen accepted her fate yet Hasina rebelled to create her own. Hasinas western-style attempt at romantic freedom, contradicts the traditional structures of Bangladeshi society within which she lives and within which her sister is immersed in the Diaspora. Both the sisters face problems settling wi th their husbands, and ultimately both mystify relationships with younger men.Though Nazneen carried out small rebellious acts at the beginning of her marriage, her aspiration for liberty started with her standoff to the handsome, young political enthusiast, Karim, which evolved into a physical and financial in reckonence and the discovery of her freedom of choice in a patriarchal community. Nazneen is plain not beautiful, notwithstanding not so ugly either and in contrast her sister Hasina is beautiful and feisty. (Ali 17). Hasina defines herself in contrast to the activities around her and Nazneen defines herself against the talkativeness of her husband. Through these transnational links, Nazneen and Hasina become embodiments of womanhood in two different but connected locations.Monica Ali endeavours to explore the impact of migration for those within the Bangladeshi Diaspora. Ali seems to suggest that within the context of Diaspora women are more than Bangladeshi than the Ban gladeshis in Bangladesh. We learn how those in Britain replicate the social practices and norms of Bangladesh so that the culture also migrates to Britain with the people through the open window, drifted wafts of music and snatches of currymain meals were cooked at all times of the day and night. (Ali 189).Yet in contrast, those who remain in Bangladesh are adapting to the changes occurring in society. Hasina acts as if she is the person who has shifted geographically to another country. She appears more modern in her thinking in contrast to her sister, who appears more traditional. The two women placed within the two different localities also enable Ali to show how social practices and social relations change in the two locations. Within the context of Britain, Nazneen witnesses changes in the images of Bangladeshi femininity among her friends, who become more westernised.The seventeen-year old, once subdued and conformable wife, matures into a forthright independent woman. She di scovers her own force and will power, something she was unaware of. She decides that she will no more be controlled by fate, she will take her own decisions, like not pursuit her husband by going back to their homeland. She will remain in London, she will work and look after herself and her two daughters.She takes this decision because her daughters are way too comfortable in London, and they dont want to go back home to Bangladesh. London is home for them, and thats when Nazneen realized that she was seventeen when she came here and now shes thirty-four, so she has lived half of her life here. This is home, and this is where her daughters want to be. This is where she found her independence and her voice in her own ways. She wears her sari. She has not started wearing trousers or cut her hair short. In her very own way, she has found a voice and she is comfortable with that here. Nazneen thus starts to believe in herself and realizes that she is suitable of taking charge of her o wn destiny.The Bangladesh Nazneen refers to is different to other Bangladesh Hasina writes about in her letters. The contrasts between Tower hamlets and Bangladesh are shown, for example by the fact that Nazneen comes from an idyllic, warm, green surroundings quite unlike the England of dead grass, broken paving st sensations and net curtains. Hasinas letters dispel the myth that Bangladesh is still rural. Rather it is now urban and violent. A more dangerous Bangladesh with corrupt politicians dominates the letters.Hasina describes to her sister how the garment girls have become branded as sexually immoral due to their working in boney proximity to men. The patriarchal world of Bangladesh mirrors the patriarchy practiced within Britain, but is stronger. For example, Hasina, left without the protection of a husband, is raped, consequently forced to become a slander to survive and her friend (Monju) is murdered by her husband drenching her in acid. While Hasina works within a fact ory as a machinist, her sister, in the liberated surroundings of the West, also resorts to working as a machinist, but in purdah within the environs of home.For Nazneen, Britain is loaded with negativity, and it fails to accumulate the warmth and security measures she experienced in Bangladesh. Nazneen treats her loneliness through anti-depressants which baffles her sister I do not know what kind of pill can cure disease of sorrowfulness. (Ali 143). Nazneen is disappointed with Britain and recollects Bangladesh with fondness, a nostalgia that provides the framework within which the story is located.Monica Ali uses the cluttered room where Nazneen lives as a metaphor for her protagonists state of mind. It becomes even more cluttered over the course of the novel. When Bangladesh is presented it is done so with space however, the restrictiveness of England is stressed through the feelings of claustrophobia. Nazneens perception of Britain for much(prenominal) of the novel is not onl y contained within the environment of her flat, but also when she gazes out of her window. Her London is restricted to her locality outside her window she sees dead grass and broken paving stones (Ali 12), cycle racks which no one was foolhardy enough to use, and round the corner is a playground that has shrunk to one decrepit roundabout. Nazneen evokes an image of Britain which is dark and grey and congested a golden metal army tearing up the road (Ali 33).The poverty in Tower Hamlets is also emphasised if not exaggerated by Nazneen as she ventures out of the home, and stepped over an empty cigarette carton, a brick and a syringe (Ali 380). Although Nazneens husband Chanu has a degree from Dhaka University, they live in a awful tower block in Tower Hamlets, where the paint flakes off the eczema-ridden walls. Poverty, socio-economic deprivation, dominates the social fabric of Alis Bangladeshi society in Tower Hamlets. This deprivation is also evoked through Nazneen smelling the ov erflowing communal bins (Ali 13).All the more, the Bangladesh that is reflected in British society angers Chanu, Nazneens husband, as it perpetuates a derogatory image of Bangladesh through education. He despairs over what his children are taught about Bangladesh all she knows is about flood and famine. Whole bloody country is just a bloody basket case to her (Ali 151). Even the image that Shahana has of Bangladesh is old and traditional. As she tells her sister, just wait until youre in Bangladeshyoull be married off in no timeyour husband will keep you locked up in a little smelly room and make you weave carpets all day long (Ali 329). In Bangladesh youll have to drag your teeth with a twig. They dont have toothbrushes(Ali 331).Brick Lane is a contemporary, and humane story, the characters are shown with all their complexities and are described realistically and in point in time whether its Mrs Islam, the hypochondriac, evil and manipulative usurer, or Razia the friendly and st rong will-powered neighbour, or Shahana, the refractory, provocative and westernised teenage-daughter, or the sweet second daughter, little Bibi who is even tempered, quiet and hard working. It is a post-colonial novel written with a great deal of compassion and optimistic hope.Sarah Gavrons convey that was screened in 2007 is closely related to the book in terms of important aspects like mould, themes and plot. A long shot shows the central protagonist Nazneen (Tannishtha Chatterjee) disappearing behind one of the many front doors dotting the monolithic faade of a public housing block in East Central London. This concludes a seven-minute prologue in which director Sarah Gavron condenses the first hundred pages and more of Monica Alis 2003 source novel. digitally colorized shots of 1970s and 1980s Bangladesh indicate the extent to which Nazneen has idealized her memories of growing up in that time and place, her close relationship with younger sister Hasina (Zafreen) an especial s ource of reverie. A rural Bangladeshi childhood remembered as idyll ends, however, with the suicide of the girls mother.Consequently, their father arranges marriage between Nazneen, now a teenager, and the significantly older Chanu (Satish Kaushik), an immigrant living in London and a man she has never met. Some fifteen years later, thirty-something Nazneen is shown walking through and around Brick Lane, one of the most ethnically diverse neighbourhoods in the United Kingdom. Ghosting through a multicultural urban milieu radically different from that she was born into, she speaks to no one, slips ever further from the following camera, and disappears finally behind the front door of a flat as cramped and constricting as her monotonous existencedutiful wife, mother, and nothing more.She is shown as raising two daughters Shahana and Bibi. Bibi (Lana Rahman) is still young, sweet, and compliant, but Shahana (Naeema Begum) is a teenager with raging hormones and a sharp tongue.Nazneen an d Chanus ossified marriage is changed irrevocably when the former buys a fix machine. She does so through necessity as much as choice, driven by the need to financially support her family, husband, and daughters Shahana and Bibi , after Chanu resigns his job, disillusioned by his inflexible failure to win promotion. Yet a purchase which seems initially to confirm Nazneens domestic incarceration yet furthernot working from home but home as workbrings her into contact with British-born Karim (Christopher Simpson), the young man who delivers garments to her flat for finishing. She begins an subprogram with him, and the emotional and physical self-confidence this engenders allows Nazneen to assert, eventually, her presence and identity within the straightaway family unit.Yet the seemingly clear-cut contrast between Karim and Chanu and the divergent futures they seem to promise Nazneen become more complicated as Brick Lane progresses. Karim comes to seem slight attractive than at fir st, Chanu more so. The formers marked physical and cultural differences from the latter (young, fit, second-generation, British-Bangladeshi vs. old, fat, first-generation, Bangladeshi-British) cannot disguise the fact that he is equally inclined to idealize Nazneen as airplane pilot not individual. Its Chanu who valorizes her as a living example of the girl from the village in the beforehand(predicate) pages of Alis novel. Crucially, however, theres no interpretative violence in transferring those words to Karims sing in Gavrons film.Meanwhile, Chanu is shown to possess significant redeeming qualities obscured by his complacent, corpulent exterior. He loves his family deeply and is horrified equally by the rise of Western anti-Muslim and Muslim anti-Western position in the wake of 9/11. Chanu is able to view this process with far more humanistic caution and historical context than Karim can or will. Ultimately, Nazneen ends her affair with Karim, while Chanu agrees to return to Bangladesh on his own. Liberated, albeit not in the sense that Brick Lane seems initially to promise, Nazneen stays behind in London with her two daughters.Wider contextthe instal of 9/11 on Western Muslims, the changing role and self-image of immigrant communities within contemporary British society, the ongoing, intergenerational debates about tradition, gender and religious identity within those groupsare all glimpsed fleetingly from Nazneens perspective. The main effect, though, is to impress upon viewers just how cloistered her vantage point is. Ultimately, Brick Lane temporarily im prisons the world-view of all who watch it behind bars made from net curtain. This is so even while the film ostensibly supports Nazneens quiet attempts to break free from something approaching a state of psychological house arrest.Brick Lane is a real place, and its been the centre of the British garment district ever since Huguenot refugees brought their looms from France in the early 18th centur y, followed by waves of poor Irishmen and Ashkenazi Jews. Brick Lane was however, shoot in the financial district that is synonymous with the books real location. The novel as compared to the film sets up the location more exotically like a mini rendering of Bangladesh, with the smells of spicy food, colourful fashions and emphasis on religion. For the film, one was expected to picture a colourful setting that transported the reader to another world. Though Brick Lane in the film does create its own world, it lacks the lustre brought out in the novel, and definitely was not reflecting any part of South Asia.The scenes in Bangladesh gave more of a contrast to London life, unlike the book, where Nazneen seems to still be tied to her homeland. The book documents her memories as if she had not left the village. For example, Nazneen does not leave the house, allowing her to limit her exposure to English culture. The film demonstrates a sharper contrast of her surroundings mostly throug h the addition of Nazneen leaving the flat to do the shopping. The shopping allows her more freedom and thus, more selective information is acquired about England.The film effectively provided the atmosphere of Chanu and Nazneens flat. In the novel, Bangladesh provided richer local descriptions compared to London, because Nazneen did not dwell on the details of her flat. She only mentions some decorations. The film gives the opportunity to see the living arrangement in London from the complex she lives in with Chanu. The film emphasizes the close quarters and the weather to portray a cold representation of London, differing a lot from the vibrant frolicking in the lush and long Bangladeshi grass of the two sisters. Even at the end of the film, Nazneen is shown making snow angels with her daughters, as if she has conquered the cold.The casting was terrific. Chanu, Shahana and Bibi gave compelling performances that mirrored the characters in the book. Chanu especially is exactly the way one visualizes him on the basis of the novel. To understand Nazneen one had to make sure to read the novel because then one would know the thoughts in her head that she did not always say. Tannishtha Chatterjee, the actress who starred as Nazneen, faced a challenge in this role, because so much of the character was about not saying anything. Silence also played a big role in the film, which sometimes contributed to the action and other times made the movie too slow.The novel captivates the reader by the sensory details, mystical connections to Bangladesh, and curiosities about English culture. The film uses lock in to provoke the audiences response to the acute scenes in Bangladesh while also building up to the climax. Though the climax is not surprising to the reader or film goer, the novel was more effective in showing Nazneens struggle and confrontation with disaster. The novel created tensions leading up to Nazneens inability to react. The film on the other hand, relied t oo much on silence for plot points to emerge. The reader tends to miss Nazneens rebellion since its all done in silence.Overall, rebellion and freedom are downplayed in the film likely to emphasize the idea of fate. Hasina, Nazneens sister is the source of scandal in the novel and could have been more present in the film. She acts almost as a ghostly figure, sometimes only mentioned through voice, when Nazneen pictures her whispering in her ear. The film also glamorizes her experience in Bangladesh, as if she has the freedom to fall in love. The letters in the novel describe the opposite with violence to women and hard work conditions. In the film, Hasinas true situation is exposed by Chanu, who hears from his cousin that she has become a prostitute. However, then Nazneen falls ill, and the audience is left in confusing hallucinations, wondering if Chanu was trying to be mean to his wife or was actually speaking the truth.This inconsistency between reality and fantasy is evident i n both the book and the film. Chanu glorifies Bangladesh in both the mediums. Nazneen reflects on her memories from her childhood in Bangladesh, but is grounded in the reality of London. For example, she cannot depend on Chanu to be responsible, when he cannot hold down a job and continues to insist that they will return to Dhaka. She does not point out his failures, the same way she does not point out Karims, but acknowledges her realistic priorities. Some include the disaster that Shahana would encounter in Bangladesh, and another would be breaking up with Karim and needing to be on her own. The American trailer of the film also illustrates this dichotomy, advertising the movie as more dramatic and scandalous. Perhaps the closeness of the text to the film fitting is another way to enhance the themes of the original story.Much of Brick Lane takes place within Nazneens cluttered, unremarkable home, but this is rendered a fascinating, richly expressive setting through accomplished, considered use of technique by director Sarah Gavron and her key colleagues. Carefully calibrated expressionistic exaggerations of colour abound to communicate Nazneens largely unspoken inner life. commonalty sequins on a girls top reflect on her face to show her initial entrancement with Karim sunlight filtered through gauzy red curtains turns the dingy prison of her marital bedroom into a boudoir when he occupies it with her. Likewise, Gavrons movement of camera and attention to framing are evocative and subtle in equal measure.If, as illustrious at the outset, one of the first shots in Brick Lane can be seen to sum up both the films project and a range of possible responses to it, something similar can be said of the movies final image. With Chanu back in Bangladesh, it is now winter in London. Nazneen and her daughters play joyfully in the snow-covered square at the front of their apartment block, inhabitants of a climate, and by extension a culture, diametrically opposed to t he monsoon conditions the teenaged Nazneen and Hasina frolic in at the films early moments. A birds-eye aerial shot of mother and daughters lying on the ground, waving their arms and legs, cuts to a medium shot of Nazneen on her own.The reader capacity abbreviate the impression here that Nazneens unassuming victory is also Brick Lanes. She extricates herself from the oppressive expectations placed upon her by virtue of the body and respective cultures she was born and migrated into. So too the film respectfully declines the received agenda of responsibilities imposed upon it in light of its British Asian subject matter and cultural provenance. Brick Lane is not a film finely crafted and beautifully performed in order to mask or compensate for its evasion of inarguable ethno-political duties. Rather, its sensuous pleasures and humane insights expand the range of what the political might be, and rethink the relative scale on which it might be expected to loom, within an important tr adition of contemporary British film.Thus, both the mediums, reciprocating each other, have successfully rendered the portrayal of Bangladeshi women in the transnational world with a subtlety and expertise that is seldom to be seen.WORKS CITEDAli, Monica. Brick Lane. Black Swan. Great Britain. (2003). Print.Brick Lane. Dir. Sarah Gavron. Perf. Tannishtha Chatterjee, Satish Kaushik and Christopher Simpson. cherry-red Films.(2007). Film.Lea, Richard and Lewis, Paul. Local protests over Brick Lane film. Gaurdian. (Monday 17 July,2006). Web.http//www.guardian.co.uk/books/2006/jul/17/film.ukHussain, Yasmin. Writing Diaspora South Asian Women, Culture and Ethnicity. Ashgate Publishing Ltd. England. (2005). Print.McLeod, John. The Routledge Companion to Postcolonial Studies. Routledge. London. (2007). Print.Mukherjee, Meenakshi and Trivedi, Harish. Interrogating Post-Colonialism Theory, Text and Context. Indian base of Advanced Study. Shimla. (1989). Print.Sinha, Sunita. Post-Colonial Wo men Writers New Perspectives. Atlantic Publishers Distributors (P) Ltd. New Delhi. (2008). Print.

The way four poets write about events which have happened to them Essay Example for Free

The commission four poets write intimately takingss which befuddle happened to them hearIn this essay I am going to comp ar four different poems on the theme of events that have occurred and how they are displayed. I will research the different methods and techniques used by the poet to convey the story and event. I am going to compare, The Affliction of Margaret, On my first Sonne, Mid-Term Break and Cold Knap Lake.In The Affliction of Margaret, the tone is instal almost immediately, because the reader is asked a question, Where art thou, my belove Son this is the first line of the poem and it suggest that the character has garbled her password, because she is questioning where art thou, from this we see that the poem is based on a mother and son theme. Where art thou, worse to me than dead? here the poet questions the audience, by using a rhetorical question, this technique involves the read more emotion solelyy. The quotation shows that her son is missing, and the subject that it is on the same level of being dead, if non worse because having your child missing, compels a false hope that they will return, whereas knowing they are dead, will allow you to come to terms with it, and your mind will be at calm even though there has been a indescribable loss.The length of this poem supports the theme of the poem, because there are 11 stanzas which are fairly long. This unusual sizing for a poem support the idea that the poets mind is not at rest, so he keeps going on and on, whereas if she knew her son was dead, she would not go on. The idea that Margaret does not care about her pride pride shall help me in my wrong all she wants is his son back shows the strength of the relationship the mother and son had. seven years, alas this states that the boy has been missing for 7 years, which creates a depth of pain, because she has been wondering with her mind not at rest about her sons being.Why am I ignorant? this supports the idea of not knowing b ecause she is questioning why she peckt accept that her son may never return. In the secondment stanza, we are told that he was her only son, no tidings of an only child this make the poem more emotional because we are left with the idea that Margaret is left alone. In the second stanza shes feels tricked with thoughts of happiness and be for evermore beguiled.Each stanza in this poem has a different tone on the same theme, an example of this is in the second stanza, there is a tone of being tricked and miserable, whereas in the third stanza, Margaret begins to praise her son Ingenuous, innocent, and bold. in the sixth stanza there is a feeling that she may have accepted her son is gone, because she is almost writing a letter to her child, saying how she should be thought of think not of me with grief and pain. The seventh stanza suggest a idea of heaven and god fowls of heaven shows how she wishes her son could simply fly home, but is tied down to the earth chains ties us down by land and sea. The poem is long because of her uncertainty.On my first Sonne is similar to The Affliction of Margaret because they are both about children, but this is different because the boy has died, and is not missing. erudite your child is dead removes all the thoughts and questions running through the mind of the parent. There is no chance that the child will return so it also removes both hopes, where as having your child missing, creates a hope that they will return, or several scenarios are created such as Whats happened to my son?, all the bad things that may of happened. either these negative images develop in the mind, when thinking about a loved one that has gone missing.In On my first Sonne contains several methods to explain the event that has happened, Farewell, thou child of my right hand this tells the reader that he has already lost a child. This poem is fairly emotional and plays with the concept of death. Jonson refers to his son as a sin my sinne was to o much hope of thee this shows that Jonson has accepted the death of his son. Seven yeeres thowert lent to me, and I thee pay this shows that Jonson feels that his son was lent to him from God, and his death was well(p) him returning to where he belonged and his death was meant to be. The tone of this poem is much more subtle and peaceful it is based on how his son was a blessing etc, whereas in The Affliction of Margaret the tone and theme are iridescent and static, because there is a sense of anxiety and distress, because the boy is missing.Ben Jonson sees his son as a piece his surpass piece of work his best piece of poetrie. Due to his death, Jonson may never enjoy his life again for the fear that he might loose his loved ones as what he loves may never like too much. This is the last line of the poem and suggests the end, because he said he will never be too happy again. So the peak of his life has passed, the poem seems to suggest that Jonson is jealous of his son, and wishes for death so they can be together.The techniques in this poem create a sense of peace and justice, because Ben Jonson is talking about how his son is a blessing and linking him to God. The event of the death of his son is told in a very tyrannical and poetic way. The poem flows smoothly, and contains rhyming couplets on the other hand in The Affliction of Margaret the event is reflected in a negative way. I have no other earthly friend this is the last line of the poem and shows the depression and sadness in Margaret, she feels alone and isolated from the world, because her son was more therefore a son but also a best friend, so she has lost more then just a son.In mid-term break, the tone of the poem is set in the second line of the first stanza. Counting bells knelling classes to a close here Heaney uses alliteration, this emphasizes the sounds of the bells at the funereal. The first stanza begins with dawn I sat all morning and only two lines away At two oclock this shows how hours have been spent waiting. The first stanza gives the reader the tone and format of the whole poem. The second stanza begins with the image of the go crying, I met my father crying this suggests to the reader that it is a rare event because there is a comment about how he takes normal funereal in his stride and do not create a emotional problem for him, always taken funerals in his stride this shows the strong effect death can have on anyone emotionally.A four foot box, a four for every year this represents the death of a four year old child, because he is saying a foot for every year. So the reader understands this as a four year old child has died. This poem reflects on the funeral in a subtle way, the poem does not contain many emotional feelings, and is fairly neutral. The poem is written more as a story then anything else. The poem is very descriptive of the funeral and contains ideas and imagery that have a greater representation.In Cold Knap Lake there is ton e of death straight away, back down a drowned child from the lake the death of a child signifies destroying pureness, because children are clean and unspoilt, also describing the death drowned adds a element of struggle, because drowning is seen as a very unutterable way of dying.The poem is very descriptive and contains metaphors that create images in the readers mind. Blue-lipped and dressed in waters long green silk this is a very imaginative way of describing a young young woman that has just be found dead. Long green silk represents see weed. My mother gave a strangers child her breath this means that the girl was brought back to life by Gillian Clarkes mother, because she was resuscitated. The idea that she was brought back to life, and when she arrives home is beaten by her father, creates several ideas in the readers head, either the girl is being taught a lesson, that she should not be so careless, or she is being abused this technique involves the reader more. The po em ends on a morbid tone, in that lake with poor mans daughter.In all four poems there is a sense of death, and the poets are all telling a past event, in The Affliction of Margaret its about her missing son, and all her problems, and her unsettled mind, in On my first Sonne, there is a sense of peace and the rush and uncertainty in The Affliction of Margaret is not there, because Ben Jonson has accept the death of his death, and has confirm it, by seeing his son more as a blessing, then a person. Mid-term break is also based on the same theme of death, because it is about a funeral, and the effects is has caused, and in Cold Knap lake, the event is the discovery of a dead girl that is brought back to life. All the poems use metaphors, personification to sustain the poem to life to explain their personal events.

A Marketing Plan For Etihad

A marketing Plan For EtihadThe report presented here is a marting plan for Etihad which is planning to launch an airline service of process in India, one of its Asian name and addresss in Business and First grade department. The potential of India for Etihads new destination in Asia is because of its biggest and fasted maturation Middle set. The country and over a billion people living in her and around of them belongs to middle class. This also raised the acquire power of the people here and overly the need of luxury. The country has over 70 domestic Airports and nearly 12 International Airport. Indian aviation merchandise has a subjugate of domestic players. These include Indigo Airline, Jet Airways, Spice Jet, Air India, Cathy Pacific, Kingfisher, British Airways etc. public lecture about(predicate) the headache class part, exactly few players exchangeable Kingfisher, Indian airlines are in that location from domestic side and rest all are contradictory player s. The competition in luxury segment is less as compared to low be service.One dimension in which Etihad faeces give a great image to its service/ brand is by establishing itself as a luxury brand. For distribution strategy, the firm can utilize any(prenominal) of the existing convey in India as they provide work as a third party to all airlines. Other aspect include tie-ups with corporate so that a minimum client base can be assured.Talking about the promotional strategy, the promotional techniques suggested includes voice call, newsletter and participating in social functions etc. The estimated budget for the plan is 35.5 jillion US $. reliable Market SituationIntroductionAsian aviation merchandise is very competitive. The number of players in Asia includes more than 50 domestic and international players. The dominant players in Asian aviation sector are Air Asia, Singapore Airlines, Thai Airlines and foreign players include French airways, British airways and Cathy Pacif ic airlines.A number of Airlines from UAE to a fault have presence in Asia which include Air Arabia, Emirates Airways and similar.The potential of the market is huge. Asia includes China and India which are the biggest economies in the world in terms of economic growth. erupt of the potential destination for Etihad in Asia, we have chosen India the study lead focus on Indias market only. (Avaition, 2010)Market DescriptionIndia is one of the fastest evolution economies in the world. The potential of India for Etihads new destination in Asia is because of its biggest and fasted growing Middle class. The country and over a billion people living in her and most of them belongs to middle class. This also raised the purchasing power of the people here and too the need of luxury. The country has over 70 domestic Airports and nearly 12 International Airport. The facilities here are not equal to the world standard but the economy is rapidly expanding and the needs are getting higher too. every exist(predicate) these points favor India as an attractive destination for Etihads new market in Asia.Talking about beginning class and business class segment of India, the growing population and high earning of people provide enough customer bases for the market. The target Market for Etihad leave alone be people of annual income over Rs. 10 lacks. In India, around 7% of the total population falls in this category as considering the size of population in the country, 7% gives a huge customer base for first and business class segment. The market requires following benefits from Business class flights.The below is the table which shows the benefits of productFeatureBenefitExtremely flourishing seats, more spaceBusiness class is meant for comfort and thus these seats and extra space willing add to the comfort.Delicious solid foodAs the business class segment people are travelling paying high prices, they expect high quality food too.Comparative low costIndians do not like to spend much and thus the cost of travelling should not be high.The future prediction about India is as followsUS$ 32 billion+ for developing and maintain the airport infrastructure in the countryPassenger traffic for different types of sectors is estimated to grow over an estimated CAGR of over 14% in the arriving few years.A huge amount of 110 billion dollars investments is fore discovern in next 10 yearsThe Civil Aviation would grip around 280 million travelers by the year 2020 (India G. , 2010) fruit ReviewProduct lineThe product we are concerned here is business and first class segment. This segment is employ by people of high earning group. The segment requires high quality of work, extremely comfortable seats, more space and other luxury facilities as are provided in expensive hotels.Type of customers and marketThe customers of the products are business executives and high earning families who can afford heavy tatter price. As our selected destination in India, the prod uct essential be looked as Indian perception. In India, the per capita income is increasing but the concern is its still not comparable to that of European or Middle East. So, if Etihad wants to launch first and business class services in India, the cost of the product must be kept low.If we look at the competitors product in the segment concerned, we will find that competitors service is not at all comparable to that of other first class services in the world. This shows that one aspect where Etihad can bring an advantage is to provide luxury at the same of comparable price.ServicesThe service is needed to be served with tasty food and this must be insuring that veg. and non-veg, food are cooked separately. The customers also want less clock time travel between destinations. Also, internet connectivity and tangle withtainment sources like small TV screens should also be provided. warlike ReviewIndian aviation market has a number of domestic players. These include Indigo Airlin e, Jet Airways, Spice Jet, Air India, Cathy Pacific, Kingfisher, British Airways etc.Talking about the business class segment, only few players like Kingfisher, Indian airlines are there from domestic side and rest all are foreign players. The foreign players involved first class and business class segment include Cathy Pacific, French Airways, Singapore Airways etc. Till now, these airlines capture most of the customer segment of first class.Talking about competitors in AD to India route, airlines such as Air India, Paramount Airways are there. Etihad too have a describe on this route with other operators like Air Arabia. The carriers here are few and this will encourage the business idea for Etihad as well. (India M. o., 2010)The key fruit stragey of Indian airlines in business segment is less cost in business segment. Talking about French Airways, Singapore Airways and other foreign players in the segment, their key strategy is providing great hospitality experience in business class segment.Channels reviewChannels for any firms (distribution carry) are critical to its success. Marketing conduct include logistics and other mode for moving goods in and out of the firm. In context of the first class business we are concerned channels in India are well formed and structured. There are number of suppliers like Jet airways, Spice Jet, Indigo airlines etc which work on sharing of distribution channels. In such sharing, the distribution channel in a separate entity different from the business. It can be looked as a third party service provider which provides the service to the airlines. Only Air India is the one which has its knowledge service channels but the performance of its service is not up to the mark.Talking about these channels individually, Jet airways provide very time efficient logistics. Air Indias distribution channel is vast and has more services but is not reliable in terms of consistency.So, for Eithid, the firm can utilize any of the existi ng channels which are been used by Jet or other airway. As these channels are experienced in the business, the airline may not have to worry for receiving comparable channel services as that of Indian competitors.SWOT compendThe analysis is carried out in terms of strength of Etihad airline keeping in mind its plan to enter the business class services in India.StrengthStrong brand image in luxury sector on the global scale, so will be able to attract the Indian First class customers too.Experience in maintaining regular communication with customers. This will help in maintain customer base for first and business class. change magnitude hold on luxury segment in other Asian destinations too.Four of the globes longest continuous commercial flights, these continuous flights will advantage in business class segment as they take less time to travel between destinations.A large fleet of planes including the new Airbus 380, these planes have a good image in terms of providing comfort esse ntial for business class. (Avaition, 2010)With the increasing infrastructure, high regional GDP (Indian) and a huge demand in various regions, providing First class services will prove a new unexplored market.WeaknessThe market we are concerned about has a specific segment to focus on. The First class segment requires heavy initial investment and thus entering directly to first class segment would be a risky business.Less growth in business class in Indian aviation industry.Limited desired costumer volume in the segment.Most of the earnings are coming from a single segmentHold on economical class and cargo facility market is not that goodOpportunitiesIn India, most of flights between destinations are two long. The airlines here, to pore cost extend the routine route to cover more number of destinations. But the people who fly from business class are worried about time (as they are already spending high on ticket price). So an opportunity exists in terms of attracting business clas s customers by operating on direct routes. (Airways, 2010)India has a number of low cost airlines. Etihad, to reduce business risk and overtake any one of them and convert to first class services.Exploit Indian presence to explore new hubs like Russia and sou-east Asia-Pacific in business class segment.Present destinations can be maturationd. The Airline can start service to other Indian destinations too like Madras, Kolkata etc.Boeing and Airbus has reduced the cost of the aircraftsThreatsThe other reason of threat for Etihad is that all the newly merging airline companies are in a spree to capture the market by making a strong reputation. Once they come up with price fares lesser than Etihad then even the best of advertising would fail.Constant increase in number of aviation services in business class segment.Economic crises and sadness in Indian aviation market because of high debt. This has beat the volume of people travelling from business class.The aviation ministry and put an upper limit on fairs and is constantly increasing rules and regulations to restructure the industry.Objectives and issuesThe objective here is to bring into being a marketing plan for Etihad to enter a new destination in Asia (which is selected as India) while considering the launch of First class and business class service by the gild.The key issues (measureable) areIncreasing the market hold to at least 10% (business class segment)Based on the responses of the customers on initial routes of the company, to start operations on other routes tooIncreasing service and facilities in the business class segment.Marketing dodgingPositioningPositioning disputation Feel the luxuryAs identifies from market analysis, people of India for their business class travel, desire for extremely luxury services. So the positioning is targeted on luxury only. taking into account the huge competition in the market for different airline companies in India, for example Cathy pacific, British airway s, Singapore Airlines etc, there have to be something that has a unique image about the brand. One dimension in which Etihad can give a great image to its service/ brand is by establishing itself as a luxury brand. The Company to be positioned in the market will be done as an innovator in hospitality hemisphere. Thus in rapid developing and competitive Indian aviation sector, this innovator image will benefit in long run as India is growing and too the luxury need of the people here. Individuality and image require being eminent. Individuality is the way a potbelly stove aims to identify or place itself or its manufactured goods. Image is the technique the community perceives the corporation or its goods. An effectual individuality does three things It sets up the products nature and worth proposal. It expresses this nature in a characteristic mode. It brings exigencying authority further than a psychological image. The individuality we are talking about, Etihad can address this c oncern by benchmarking the luxury in business class. For the individuality to labor, it must be expressed through every obtainable message means of transportation and product get in touch with. The company should show in every aspect of work that it cares for the passengers time and is pioneer and experienced in proving high end flight services. (Avaition, 2010)Product StrategyFirst concern here is to aim the service. Etihad here is concerned only on the Business and first class segment, so according to the traditional toughie shown below the company should focus on higher ends passengers who fall in high earning group.Another thing is degree or quality of the service. Etihad want to enter in First class segment which falls in most facilitated level of product development as explained by Kotler. Kotler defined the development of a product in following manner.If we talk about the economy class, that falls in core product but first class and business class are included in augmented p roduct segment. But there is a potential drawback in directly attacking the augmented product, the heavy cost of product building and then risk of non-acceptance by the market. One strategy that Etihad can make out and choose suitable new features by mental test of new purchasers and then manipulative customer value versus company cost for each possible feature. The corporation should also think how many public want every feature, how time-consuming it would get to bring in every feature, and whether contestant could with no trouble duplicate the feature. Corporation must also believe in terms of feature bundles or correspondence. Auto companionship often produces cars at more than a few trim levels. This lowers developed and record costs. Every corporation must make a decision whether to present feature customization at a superior price or a few normal correspondences at an inferior price. (Avaition, 2010)Distribution StrategyChannel for the company is not going to be new in India . As we stated earlier too that there are separate entities that provides services to airline companies in India, Etihad too can take distribution services from any of these services.Another suggestion is to construct own ticket selling units so that a differentiation in terms of customer attraction. The way suggested is a level two distribution channel which looks like as followsConsumerRetailerWholesalerManufacturerBy following this model, the service study can be gained by an individual through the information unattached on the companys website and also by contacting any of the local retailers. The service can be ordered through the online booking and the payment can be make through credit or debit card, in this case the product will be delivered to the home of customer.Channel Involved in distribution devil channels are there for this productWholesaler One wholesaler is there for one state. In the case of no wholesaler in particular(prenominal) sate than two sates is handled by single wholesaler. Wholesaler will look after all the retailers under its domain.Retailer Retailers are located in native cities of the state and they will be direct contacting the single wholesaler of that particular state. Out of the various retail store some stores would be discount store. (India G. , 2010)Marketing communication or promotional strategyIntegrated market communication stands for communicating rather making stakeholders believe that product is really reliable and will lead for a better profit for these stakeholders too. There is a difficulty in getting stakeholders in an easier way if there is large competition in the market for the same product and thus efficient promotion is a must. Market communication stands for several promotion techniques and the own(prenominal) relation with the stake holders. around of the suggested techniques for Etihad are as followsVoice mail services Voice mail can be a very efficient source of the information about the service t o the concerned segment. If the people are interested in taking the product, they will definitely want to have all the information that is the correct information about the product. There could a very good option for it that is the voice mail system. There should be voice mail which will be express all the necessary information about the product which will include the net rates and all the exciting features and offers with the product.Forums, Newsgroups, Bulletin Boards, and Web Communities On-line buyers not just consume the product but increasingly create product information internet interest groups by sharing product-related information. Online marketing can be done by using forums, newsgroup, and bulletin board related to health care services. (Avaition, 2010)Several promoting Events As the firm is addressing to higher end costumers only, the company can offer few organizations a kind of tie up so that special discount could be given employees of the organization if they travel from Etihads flight.Alliances Take the time to join a professional or business organization. These organizations usually have very knowledgeable people who are willing to help you out. It also increases your personal network and allow for larger opportunities.Newsletters As the concern here is also at maintain the existing clients, sending out newsletters to established customers, new customers, friends, family, and any group you think would be interested in companys product or service (Avaition, 2010)Actions ProgramThe overview of action plan looks as followsThe first step is to consturct an augumented service based on the values and demand in Indian market. This includeKeeping low costLaunchig new aircrafts like Boing 747 and Airbus etc adjoining Step would be launch separate route that do not exist in Indian market. As we found out from SWOT analysis, the company can see an opportunity in launching fast services which provide non-stop service between important destinations.Next would be to enter the contract with an existing distributor.Next is promotion by TV, Newspaper, and sending of newsletter to existing customers.Coordination with different departmentsThe step one would be consulted with finance department (to allocate budget) and with operations (to ensure that the services desired in the product are there in the augmented product).For next step, that is launching services on few routes marketing department will identify the target routes to start with.For entering in contract with distribution channel, operation department holds the right to select the channel which best suits the need of the department.The last step would be addressed by PR department.BudgetTentative budget in the activities are as followsActivityEstimated Price (US $ per annum)Augmented Product5 millionAdditional cost for nonstop services7 millionDistribution services15 millionTV ads2 millionNews letter0.5 millionRelationship building (discounts/ tie-ups)6 millionThe tentative bu dget which comes out is around $ 35 million. This is quite affordable price for Etihad. The profit in first year of operation would be less and will increase with course of time as product development, distribution services will costs less in later years.ControlsA tight control strategy would be implemented which would be based on customer feedback, sales data analysis, performance evaluation and similar quality management aspects.The key performance indicator would be sales figures and brand equity of the company. The company will maintain close look on both of these aspect to keep itself near to the performance norms.

Wireless Local Loop

radio receiver Local Loop Wireless Local LoopAbstr spiel-A topical anaesthetic eyehole connects a proofreader to the service allowrs toss, this connection is normally a wire typically copper wire. Advanced studies on the capabilities of copper wire as a transmitting medium has made it possible to use the topical anaesthetic anesthetic gy point to toss services other than the basic voice service. This technology known as digital subscriber line technology (DSL) utilizes the existing copper wires to provide high speed data services. Optical fibre is a better option curiously for its large bandwidth but cost stay onricts its use as a local curve. Wireless local loop eliminates the need for wires as the subscribers equipment is wirelessly connected to the providers profits. Wireless local loop (WLL) is a popular alternative as it has been deployed in both developed and developing nations because of its advantages. With an ever increasing demand to glide path the interne t, the wireless local loop has evolved seeking to meet such demand. This paper looks at the some(prenominal) wireless local loop technologies as well as its prospects and future as a medium for wideband wireless services.Keywords Wireless Local Loop, Internet, widebandINTRODUCTION The local loop refers to the circuit terminating at the subscribers premises connecting the subscriber equipment to the switch of the telecommunications provider. It is the last wash off of the providers infrastructure everyplace which services argon delivered to the user, hence, the term last mile is also used to refer to the local loop. Copper wires put on been the principal candidate for the local loop providing voice service for telephone. However, digital subscriber line technology (DSL) makes it possible to use existing copper wires to offer services other than voice such as data, video, and mul rankdia services. One form of digital subscriber line technology (DSL), asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) is the most commonly used today. Optical fibre has a lot of advantages all over copper wire and that makes it an excellent choice for local loop but its cost is prohibitive. Wireless local loop also known as radio local loop uses radio signals to complete the last lap to the users premises. Wireless local loop is particularly suited to remote locations providing access to providers infrastructure and in airfields where the terrain makes it impossible to lay cables. Wireless local loop offers a human body of advantages over its wireline counterpart.1) Fast deployment2) Low installation cost3) Low maintenance cost4) High system capacityThere are some(prenominal) wireless local loop (WLL) technologies available, hence, the technology deployed for a particular area will depend on the population density and service needfully of the users.The rest of the paper is organized as follows, in section II, the wireless local loop architecture is considered. Section III prese nts the wireless local loop technologies followed by the wireless local loop for broadband services in section IV. Section V concludes the paper. radiocommunication LOCAL LOOP SYSTEM ARCHITECTUREThe wireless local loop architecture is shown in figure 1. The fixed subscriber unit (FSU) is an interface between subscribers pumped-up(a) devices and wireless local loop network. The wired devices can be computers as well as telephones. The fixed subscriber performs channel coding and decoding, modulation and demodulation, and transmission/reception of signal via radio.The base transceiver system (BTS) performs channel coding/decoding, modulation and demodulation as well as transmission and reception of signal via radio. The base transceiver system is also referred to as the radio carriage (RP). A base station controller (BSC) controls one or more base transceiver systems (BTSs) and provides an interface to the local exchange (switch) in the central office 22.WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP TECHNOLO GIESA. Microcellular based systems These systems provide low delay, low power and high quality services in a small coverage area. Compared with the cellular based wireless local loop, more base stations are required to cover the same service area. They are typically ope rund at 800MHz, 1.5GHz, 1.8GHz, and 1.9GHz frequence bands 77.1) personal access communication system (PACS) personalized access communication system (PACS) is a low power radio system for both in the flesh(predicate) communication system applications and for fixed wireless loop applications. Personal access communication system is optimized to provide basic capabilities to support wireless local loop and additional capabilities to support mobility. The service capabilities of personal access communication system include voice, fax, voiceband data, and wireless digital data. The basic personal access communication handset can handle user with vehicle speeds up to about 50km/hr . The personal access communication sy stem architecture is shown in figure 2.The radio port (RP) function as radio frequency (RF) modems. Personal access communication system (PACS) uses time division eightfold access (TDMA) on the uplink and time division doublexing (TDM) on the downlink. The personal access communication system protocol supports switching to alternate channels when one radio port (RP) is busy 36.2) Personal handyphone system (PHS)Personal handyphone system is a low range personal communications services (PCS) technology that was developed in Japan to support very(prenominal) high density pedestrian traffic and wireless local loop. It is built on a foundation of digital cordless technology and microcell architecture 26. Personal handyphone system (PHS) personal stations consist of handheld units that can operate as simple cordless phones, as transceivers for communications with other personal stations, or as ready terminals to access the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The mode of operati on must be selected by the user 26.3) Digital compound cordless telecommunications (DECT)Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications (DECT) is a radio interface standard developed in Europe mainly for indoorwireless applications 26. Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications is a flexible digital radio access standard for cordless communications in residential, corporate, and public environment. In Europe, digital enhanced cordless telecommunications utilizes the 1880-1900 MHz frequency range. The DECT radio interface is based on the Multicarrier/Time division multiple access/Time division duplex (MC/TDMA/TDD) radio access methodology. Basic DECT frequency (1800-1900 MHz) is allocated to 10carrier frequencies, and the time is organized in frames. Each frame lasts for 10ms and consists of 24 timeslots separated into two fixed parts 37.The fixed part (FP) consists of cardinal entities radio fixed port, central system, interworking unit. The radio fixed port terminates the air int erface protocol. The central system provides a cluster controller functionality managing a number of radio fixed ports. The interworking unit provides all the necessary function for the DECT radio system to interwork with the attached wireline network which can be the public switched telephone network (PSTN), and the packet switched public data network 36.B. Cellular based systemsThese systems are characterised by large power, high mobility and relatively low data rate over a large area.Cellular wireless local loop technologies are primarily used to expand the basic telephony services. Typically, they operate in the mobile frequency bands at 800-900 MHz, 1.8-1.9 GHz, and sometimes at 450 MHz or 1.5 GHz. For relatively sparsely populated cracker-barrel and even urban settings, wireless local loop technologies based on existing cellular systems can be economical and rapidly deployed 77.1) Time division multiple access (IS-136/GSM)Time division multiple access (TDMA) is a multiple acc ess technique which divides a channel into a number of timeslots. For TDMA system, there are two prevalent standards North American telecommunications/electronics industry association (TIA/EIA) IS-136 and European telecommunications standards institute (ETSI) global system for mobile telecommunications (GSM). The IS-136 standard uses /4-Quadrature phase shift keying (/4-QPSK) modulation scheme while the GSM standard uses Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) modulation. Also the channel bandwidth of the two systems is different (30 kHz for IS-136 and 200 KHz for GSM). GSM has a frame length of 4.615 ms instead of 40 ms for IS-136 26. Although GSM currently dominates mobile digital cellular and provides high quality voice, there has been little activity in using GSM as a wireless local loop platform. Being designed to handle international roaming, it carries a large amount of overhead that makes it unwieldly and costly for wireless local loop applications 36.2) cipher division multip le access (IS-95/W-CDMA)Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a multiple access technique that employs spread spectrum technique. CDMA (IS-95) is a direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) system where the entire bandwidth of the system 1.25 MHz is made available to the user. The bandwidth is many times larger than the bandwidth required for transmitting information 26. IS-95A standard has been table 1 SUMMARY OF WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP SERVICESdeveloped for a digital cellular system with direct sequence (DS) CDMA technology, operating at 800MHz band. IS-95 based CDMA wireless local loop can support two rate sets. A code channel (traffic channel) operates at a maximum of 9.6 kbps with the rate set 1 or 14.4 kbps with rate set 2. IS-95B offers high speed data services through code aggregation. In IS-95B systems, multiple codes (up to eight codes) may be assigned to a connection 22. In CDMA systems pseudo-noise (PN) sequences are used for the different user signals with the same transmi ssion bandwidth 26. Wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) in comparison with narrowband CDMA systems (IS-95) use higher chip rate for direct sequence spread spectrum and, thus, spread its information into wider spectrum bandwidth (typically, equal to or over 5 MHz). Thus, data rate per code channel in W-CDMA can be higher than that in narrowband system. The wireless local loop standard defines several options for voice codecs 64 kbps PCM, 32 kbps ADPCM, 16 kbps LD-CELP, and 8 kbps conjugate structure algebraic-code-excited linear prediction (CS-ACELP) 22. CDMA based systems offer higher capacity and flexibility compared to other digital standards 36. C. Satellite based systemsThese systems provide telephony services for rural communities and isolated areas such as islands 26. These systems can be either of technology designed specifically for wireless local loop applications or of technology piggybacked onto mobile satellite systems as an adjunct service. Satellite technol ogy has been used to provide telephony to remote areas of the world for many years. Such systems provide an alternative to terrestrial telephony systems where landlines are not cost effective or where an emergency complement is required 77. A user can access the public switched telephone network (PSTN) via satellite indirectly from a wireless local loop installing through a small satellite terminal and a geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellite. A very small aperture terminal (VSAT) terminal usually includes a 0.6-2.4 m dish antenna and a transceiver radio (outdoor unit) as well as a set of baseband and intermediate frequency (IF) subsystems (indoor units). In hybridization architectures, the VSAT is connected to a wireless local loop base station through the local switching exchange 24.D. Proprietary systemsThese systems are considered proprietary because they are not available on the public wireless networks and are typicallycustomized for a specific application. They generally do not provide mobility. Proprietary systems are, therefore, positioned to provide basic fixed wireless telephony.WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP FOR BROADBAND SERVICESFor services requiring large bandwidths, such as video on demand, broadband wireless systems are suitable because of their higher frequency ranges.A. Local multipoint distribution systems (LMDS)Local multipoint distribution systems (LMDS) is a radio based access technology with cellular architecture offering flexiblehigh capacity connections to private users and organizations 8. Depending on the particular spectrum allocation policy, operation of LMDS systems take place at millimetre waves (typically 28 GHz in the United States and 40 GHz in Europe), enabling the exploitation of more than 1GHz operational bandwidth. This allows a plethora of multimedia services at data rates of hundreds of megabits per second 2. Interactive LMDS has a point to multipoint downlink and a point to point uplink. The capacity of the return channel is determined by the needs of the individual user 8.B. Worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX)Worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) is a wireless communication technology capable of providing very high data rates over a large area. According to standards, WiMAX can support up to a 75 Mb/s data rate (single channel) and cover up to 30 miles 6. The technology can provide profuse and cheap broadband access to areas that lack infrastructure such as rural areas 4. WiMAX technology supports two network modes point to point (PMP) and mesh. A PMP network is designed primarily to provide for providing last mile access to the service provider, it consists of a base station (BS) and subscriber stations (SSs) and both uplink and downlink channels are shared among the subscriber stations. PMP mode requires all subscriber stations to be at bottom the transmission range and clear line of sight (LOS) of the base station. The mesh network, on the other hand, is a mu ltihop ad hoc network in which all nodes act as relaying routers in addition to their sender and receiver roles 1.CONCLUSIONThe advantages of wireless local loop over the wired loop especially in the areas of fast deployment and installation cost continue to make it an attractive option for rural areas and difficult terrains.As with most wireless communication systems, the quality versus coverage area compromise remains an issue. However, the emergence of broadband wireless systems promises quality service over a considerable area, though, cost is a limiting factor. The wireless local loop market is expected to continue to grow in developed countries to compete with wired loop providers and in developing countries to connect many that are without service. REFERENCES1 D.G. Jeong, and W.S. Jeon, Current and future services using wireless local loop systems, International Journal of Communication Systems, vol 13, pp. 289-301, 2000.2A.R. Noerpel, and Yi- Bing Lin, Wireless local loop Ar chitecture, Technologies and Services, IEEE Personal Communications, pp. 74-80, June 1998.3 N. Cotanis, and B. Jabbari, Wireless local loop radio systems, Computer Networks, vol 31, pp. 343-352, 1999.4 I.S. Barbounakis, P. Stavroulakis, and J.G. Gardiner, General aspects of digital technologies for wireless local loops, International Journal of Communication Systems, vol 13, pp. 187-206, 2000.5 Th. Zahariadis, Evolution of the wireless PAN and local area network standards, Computer Standards and Interfaces, vol 26, pp. 175-185, 2000.6 R. Conte, Satellite rural communications telephony and narrowband networks, International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking, vol23, pp. 307-321, 2005.7A. Nordbotten, LMDS and their Application, IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 150 -154, June 2000.8 A.D. Panagopoulos, P.M. Arapoglou, J.D. Kanellopoulos, and P.G. Cottis, Intercell Radio Interference studies in Broadband wireless networks, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol 5 6, No. 1, pp. 3-12, January 2007.9 K. Lu, Y. Qian, H. Chen, and S. Fu, WiMAX Networks From Access to Service Platform, IEEE Network, pp. 38-45, May/June 2008.10 Z. Abichar, Y. Peng, and J.M. Chang, WiMAX The Emergence of Wireless Broadband, IT Pro, pp. 44-48, July/August 2006.11 K. Lu, Y. Qian, and H. Chen, A Secure and Service-Oriented Network tally framework for WiMAX Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 124-130, May 2007.

Integrated Library Management Utility From Prospects

Integrated subroutine library Management Utility From ProspectsThe meaning of the marge digital program subroutine library ranges from a digitized parade of all digital tuition along with the services that make the entropy useful to all possible users. At propagation it is utilise interchangeably with term much(prenominal) as virtual library, electronic library, and a library without wall.A digital library is a type of training retrieval that used the science of searching for documents. The simplest definition was aptly put forth by Hunter and Mardis (2001), a digital library is a collection of information that is both in digital (electronic from) and is organized. Information may take in many forms such as images, video, audio, text, formatted documents and interactive software. All these collection information then are stored in digital formats and accessible by computers either through internal accessing utilize Local area Net maneuver (LAN) network or external acces sing through online.1 The digital content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via computer networks.A digital library is an organization, which might be virtual, that comprehensively collects, manages and preserves for the long term rich digital content, and offers to its user communities specialized functionality on that content, of measurable quality and according to codified policies operation (L. Candela 2008).The purposed digital library aims to get out an electronic arranging to help educators and student obtain accurate information collect, store, and organized information in digital format expel and share electronic resources and learn how to use Information Technology (IT) tools to obtain information on local contents.The fundamental reason for building digital libraries is touch that it will provide better speaky of information than was not possible in the past (Arms, 2000). The major advantages of digital libraries over traditional libraries includedigital li braries bring the libraries reasonr to the guests Information are brought to the customers, either at home or work, making it more accessible, and increases its usage. This is very much(prenominal) different than traditional libraries where the customers gift to physically go to the library.Computer technology is used for searching and browsing Computer systems are better than manual methods for finding information. It is useful for reference work that involves repeated leaps from one source of information to another.Information chiffonier be shared Placing digital information on a network makes it available to everyone. some(prenominal) digital libraries are main(prenominal)tained at a single central site.This is a vast improvement over expensive physical duplication of slender used material, or the inconvenience of unique material that is inaccessible without traveling to the location where it is stored.Information is al steerings available The digital librarys doors will never close usage of digital libraries collections undersurface be done at hours when the library buildings are closed. Materials are never checked-out, missed-shelve, or stolen. In traditional libraries, information is much more likely to be available when and where the user wants it.New forms of information become possible A database may be the best way to enrol and disseminate information. Whereas conventional libraries are printed on paper, yet print is not always the best way to record and disseminate information.AIMS AND OBJECTIVESThe objective of this paper is to hire the function of ILMU system on perceived ease of use of digital libraries. Further, this study also attempts to answer whether there is a relationship between the ILMU system and perceived ease of use in context of CRM. There is limited research done in Malaysia on the end-users perception of the ease of use and public utility of digital libraries.Thus this paper attempts to study the nature of the relation ship between system function, ILMU system facultys, and effectiveness of CRM on digital technology among library supply in Malaysia.MethodologyThe methodology used was to examine academic libraries on the web to identify types of electronic information services available the method of deliver and functionalities of these services. The selected organizations were those which used the term digital libraries or virtual libraries to describe the online library.history of ilmuIn Malaysia, the use of Internet technology in libraries began with university libraries creating static web sites containing usual information about the library, its collection, services and facilities. Libraries then began to incorporate Web- ground Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) in the web site. Consequently, library systems evolved into Web- base library systems, with some of these sophisticated systems organism able to integrate content management systems and facilitate the creation of Web-portals for the expansion of library services. As Chao (2002) observes, the rapid development of information technology is transforming key library services at a spectacular rate. By connecting to the Internet and WWW, the university library expands its access to information resources, some of which appear as digital libraries. Lately the term hybrid library is being widely used by Malaysian libraries as there are only just embarking on the journey to the digital world.ILMU was derived from the need to provide a seamless but integrated information environment representing a modern library system. From the paper-work description such as cataloguing, beginningity, circulation, etc. to the digitalized document and online database store. The end-intersection is a major step towards a true digital library but still maintains the lifework of the library system and follows the procedure of the library of coitus classification (LCC).ILMU utilises client-server technology and accommodates multimedia OLE, event-driven program execution and ODBC connectivity, in addition to conforming to international classification and standardisation schemes. Based on the digital library term and description, any information can be accessible and stored via LAN and online.The team that is responsible for ILMU had originally developed System Perpustakaan Berkomputer (SISPUKOM) in 1985, which won a National award and was awarded the first runner-up position for the Asia Computer Weekly Award for best software. But ILMU is not simply a revised or re-engineered version of SISPUKOM. It is a completely new idea and product built based on the experience on designing and maintaining the earlier system. It still used the c at a timept of library system and follows the procedure of LCC but directed at utilising the latest technologies and fulfilling modern user prerequisites.From the CRM view, the computerised library information system is designed to provide both technical and customer information serv ices in any library or information centre. By using the similar library activities and operation, it can be operated by customers both public and private sectors.Based on an open concept of software development, its modular and integrated approach towards library computerisation is complemented by its ability to be installed and executed in a number of hardware environments. Any update classifications are easily been upgraded to the new version.In commercial terms, the product has been successful, being enthusiastically received by customers both public and private sectors. It has been accepted most of the Information Center and been adapted by customer as a guidance and module in library system.ILMU was implemented at PTAR in January 1999 then presently been installed over 170 in Information Center. It is a library information system designed to assist librarians and library staff for daily activities and operation.ILMU MODULES and functionsIn the literature by Bunge and Bopp (2001 ), the three aspects of service are set as (i) service that assisting customers in finding information, (ii) service that helps customers learn skills to find and use library collection and (iii) guidance to customers in choosing relevant information resources based on the need and presenting the information. This definition, together with Marchioninis categorization was used by Choi (2006) and expanded by him. In this study, Chois categorization was adopted to suite the study aims and the selected digital libraries were examined based on the following criteriaAvailability of Internet ResourcesDigital reference serviceAvailability of online user educationAvailability of links to reference sourcesAvailability of links to search enginesAvailability of links / guide to citation tools. early(a) servicesMainly the concern was to identify the availability of information services useful to students and researchers, the librarys main clientele.Table 1 shows the overall description of the various digital information services in the digital libraries examined in this study. Each type of service is draw based on the various functions it had in the library.Any functional digital library should following five main components (IBM DB2, 1998)It should provide for creating and capturing materials and support an array of manufacture standard and specification, able to define and import data in varied format, incorporate templates and authoring tools to help in the creation process.It should include an access and distribution module so that information can be distributed over public or private network.It should provide search and retrieval components so that the contents of the stored learning objects can be search effectively, utilising keyword searches, Boolean search and ranking relevant searches.It should provide authentication and rights management module that control user access and protect the library contents.It should incorporate the storage and management of conte nts that provides high- finishance, scalable storage and efficient digital learning object management.ILMU provide some modules in library bodily function and operation such as acquisition, cataloguing, authority, circulation, infotrack, IRS, and accounting that can be implement by the customers.CATALOGUINGCataloguing module provides user friendly, and established data entry templates. Ability to port wine with on-line bibliographic databases that can store hundred thousand bibliographic at the same time.With its locally established data-entry templates, assist libraries in the management of bibliographic information retrieval.This module provides searching method to the customer in retrieving certain information needed. It also provides customer accurate calculation about the total of the crabby proposition that have been stored in the database. Using this module, customer can modify texts to conform to local cataloguing requirements, and import selected records to ILMUs databa se. As such, custom tailored records are produced.This module also permits the generation and arrangement of lists, such as Shelf lists and Accession lists, according to the libraries needs.Cataloguing module allows customers organized different kinds of library collection with very systematic way and can easy accessing. It gives very good upshot for various kind of problem occurs and bibliographic operation such as bibliographic maintenance, entrance fee maintenance, extend for circulation, deleted bibliographic records, and batch indexing.BIBLIOGRAPHIC MAINTENANCECustomers in the management of bibliographic information can use Bibliographic Organisation to locally establish data-entry interfaces. It allows the customer to enter a new record and index the record so that it can be used by other customer. This feature also enable the customer to edit, modify or delete the existing records.ACCESSION MAINTENANCEAccession Maintenance is the process allows the customer to record all t he details of memory access for every item in library. At the same time, it allows the customer to create a new accession record, edit or modify the existing accession record and also can deleting the records.RELEASE FOR CIRCULATIONRelease for Circulation is the last function can be done in Cataloguing Module. After this function, the item can be manipulated in Edaran unit of a library. Customer can borrow, return and also can reserve the item. The status for the item will be changed from Final touch on to Available after the function.DELETED BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORDSAll the deleted items in Cataloguing module are stored in Deleted Bibliographic Record. Customer can use Deleted Bibliographic Records function to permanently delete a record.BATCH INDEXINGThe Batch Indexing used to indexing the buffer record which is temporary stored in batch. It enables customer to register the records into particular type of indexing. This process will keep the records into database for retrieving purp oses.AUTHORITY MAINTENANCEILMU authority modules provide valuable assistance to term reference. It allows users to submit terms that can be used by a library system to ensure the data consistency. For example, the author Kamaludin Muhammad uses his pen name Keris Mas for his writings. When a work written by the author is catalogued into the system, a user may key in Keris Mas or Kamaludin Muhammad as the author.When used in conjunction with the Cataloguing module, users are able to search for specific information through customized search keys derived from a variety of MARC tags. This mechanism ensures that when a user performs a search, it is possible to obtain consistent results.CIRCULATIONFacilities tracking of check-in, check-out, renewal, recall, fines payment, generation of predetermined poster and a host of reports.Circulation is used by the librarians at the counter to perform activities such as borrowing items, returning items, booking, renewal, etc. the patrons activities will be enter by the system and displayed in the enquiry screen.The functions of Fast Discharging are similar to Discharging. When there is scanner connected to the system, discharging will be executed automatically once the item is scanned. This will increase the efficiency of the librarian, especially when there is a long queue.The situation Recall is a request by the customer to the library to ask another customer who has an item checked out to bring it back to the library by specific date.Modify item status utilize by the librarians to modify the item status and able to displaying the related items.Reservation Scrutiny Used by librarians to search the reserved item which has been given notifications.Item Branch Reassignment The module will be released to satellite enabled site only.Batch Renewal Gives the customer a flexible way to renew the items. By using this application, the customer can renew the items by grouping or one by one for same person.ACQUISITIONEnables librari an to process users requests, create orders, and overprotect claim and cancellations. It also enables librarians to process customers purchase requests, to create orders, to generate claims and cancellations, and to record full and partial receipts.Librarians can import records from existing bibliographic databases or perform pre-ordering searches against the Cataloguing database for re-ordering purposes, thus reducing the ordering of duplicates On-line links with the Library Fund Accounting databases enable libraries to track all expenditures.INFOTRACKEnables customers to keep abreast with the latest events at the library as well as perform searches via features such as Library Map, Library Messages, Library Information, Library Calendar, looking for particular books, and journal in OPAC.Customers can browse through the latest news headlines or books and journals through the Newspaper Headlines and New Arrivals functions respectively. Also has an OPAC function, which permits quick information retrieval, and the sorting and printing of this information. Other facilities include Suggestion Box for obtaining users feedbacks, Patron Enquiry to allow individuals to browse through their personal information, Library Collection and Top 10 listings for librarians.IRSThis module provides features such as creating a thesaurus, profile of patron, generating SDI listings, searching IRS database such as theses, articles in seminars etc.FUND ACCOUNTINGThis module is integrated with the Acquisitions and Serials modules respectively which allows transactions from the above-named modules to be automatically transferred to the accounting database.SERIALThis module handles ordering, automatic prediction patterns, check-ins, claims, cancellations and reporting functions.Ilmu featuresIn the ever-evolving world of library automation, ILMU provides organization with the perfect library solutionOpen-Based on industry standards such as OpenURL, XML and ODBC. ILMU offer the ultimat e in resource-sharing capabilities, full connectivity, and seamless interaction with other systems and databases.Reliable-The inherent multi-tier client/server grammatical construction guarantees that ILMU will meet your needs today and in the future.Flexible- Modular components can be tailored to accommodate the requirements of your institution or consortium.Easy to use- User-friendly workflows and splanchnic graphical interfaces increase staff and patron efficiency.Customizable-Modifiable components enable libraries and consortia of any size to create unique management systems.Multilingual-Full Unicode support provides multidirectional and multiscript text capabilities.L. Candela et al. The DELOS Digital Library Reference Model Foundations for Digital Libraries. Version 0.98, February 2008 (PDF)

Jay-Z Bio :: essays research papers

     Jay-Z was born Shawn Corey Carter on December 4, 1969. He grew up in the infamous Marcy projects in Brooklyn with a sister and a brother. You would think that just growing up on the Marcy projects would be hard enough on a kid, plainly at the age of twelve, Shawns parents got a divorce. Shawn then attended the Brooklyn High school with two of todays better known rappers, Biggie Smalls and Busta Rhymes.      Shawn Carter was an intelligent and promising student, but he had behavior problems. He was introduced to the life of drugs and crime at the age of 16, where he stayed and didnt look back until, in 1992, he decided to submit the world of drugs and crime. Soon after doing this he began looking for a record deal as a solo artist. But Shawn just wasnt getting lucky. It wasnt until a friend, Roc-A-Fella CEO Damon Dash, convinced him to form a record company with him that Jay-Zs career finally got off the ground. Jay-Z released his first single through Roc-A-Fella in 1995, "In My Lifetime." It was a hit in New York, and helped Dash secure a distribution deal for Jay-Zs first album, Reasonable Doubt.      Although Reasonable Doubt wasnt a huge success, it showed that the young man from Brooklyn had skills and was not to be taken lightly. More importantly, it earned the admirations from stars as varied from Notorious B.I.G. to Ice Cube. One of his songs rase made its way onto the nutty professor soundtrack.      Shawns career only went up from there. In 1997, Jay-Zs follow-up, In My Lifetime, Vol. 1, peaked at 3 on the billboard album charts, and helped establish his career and mainstream success. He continued releasing top selling records until 2003, when he announced the release of the Black Album as his shoemakers last record.

The Effect of Music on Psychology and Behavior Essay -- A Level Essays

The Effect of Music on Psychology and BehaviorThere have always been discussions of the set up medical specialty has on ones behavior, and how its related to Psychology. The truth has never really been verified among common knowledge, but its usually something that intrigues citizenry. They say heavy metal and rap open fire make teenagers violent, sad and depressing music can make teenagers sad and depressed, and some say its best to listen to classical music when doing school assignment because it makes your brain more active. There have been many nation that reported how music has effects on their behavior. It can lift their mood, fuel the fire when theyre angry, or even make it easier for them to fall asleep. People never really get the chance to research the actual science of music, and how it changes people attitudes. Its besides interesting to think about how music plays a role in someones identity. Many articles found discuss the Social Identity Theory, and the peo ple who conduct these experiments always keep this in mind, Social identity theory (SIT Tajfel, 1978 Tajfel & Turner, 1979) maintains that individuals gain a favorable identity from the groups to which they belong. The theorists claim that members have a appetite to evaluate their own group positively and that they achieve positive evaluations through social comparisons with relevant other groups along valued dimensions. One maintains positive social identity and self-esteem through in-group favoritism, positive distinction from the out-group, and, occasionally, out-group derogation (e.g., Noel, Wann, & Branscombe, 1995) (Tarrant, North, Hargreaves, 2001). Towsons online database is an excellent place to research what has been found on musics effects on psychology, and ... ... also determines their place in society. Ones place in society can then determine how their life will develop because you associate with the people and characteristics of that group. If one were to listen t o rap and become associated with the people in that group, its likely that they will become sexually active and become involved in illicit drug use. This could then determine their education (whether or not they drop out of school) and eventually what they end up doing for a living. Music has a very strong influence on the lives of adolescents. It seems almost as if music has a stronger role than things like religion and politics. People usually think that music just determines how adolescents act, but after researching in depth you find that music determines much more than that. Music can be a determining agent in their education, social status, and their future.