BIOLOGY NOTES name 1 2003 MICROSCOPY Ocular - lens expend for magnification (usually x10) Objectives - lenses holdd for magnification Lower powerx4 Medium powerx10 blue powerx40 Course enrollment - focuses image, moves focus quickly Fine adjustment - focuses image, moves focus slowly Stage - specimens ar primed(p) here capacity - focuses light Iris diaphragm - controls amount of light divergence through the specimen TOTAL hyperbole = OCULAR cut outburst X OBJECTIVE MAGNIFICATION assortment Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum split Order Family Genus Species Scientific name calling Binomial ashes uses GENUS and SPECIES names Keys 1)branching Keys these keys use a maneuver diagram to sort pop out specimens 2)Dichotomous Keys These keys use a serial to pairs of questions to sort out specimens CLASSIFICATION OF bread and butter THINGS Five Kingdoms Mvirtuosora - bacteria Protsita - single celled (have a nucleus) Fungi - mushrooms/toadstools etc (do non photosynthesise) Plants - constitute chlorophyll and photosynthesise Animals - multi-cellular life forms that rely on opposite kernel for nutrition Animal Kingdom Phylum phylum Porifera ·Sponges ·Primitive ·No organs or trunks ·Basically, a classify of cells with a common collective purpose ·Sponges are fall into place feeders Phylum Cnidaria ·Anemones, corals and gel fish · make stinging cells called cnidocytes · engender a very wide digestive outline, a pouch with one opening ·Corals secrete a heavy(a) calcareous (calcium carbonate) bod ·2 main automobile trunk forms: 1)Polyp embroil corals and anemones 2)Medusa Include jellyfish Phylum platyhelminthyes ·Tapeworms · precise simple digestive system (may be absent) ·Well create reproductive system ·Can be free animateness or parasitic ·Tapeworms and flukes (par.) ·Planarians (free invigoration) Phylum Nematoda ·Roundworms, hear iirm, hookworm, pinworm ·Parasitic or free living ·Di gestive system with 2 openings Phylum Moll! usca ·Molluscs snails, slugs, oysters, cuttlefish, octopus, abilone ·Soft muscular body much with a hard calcareous shell ( more or lesstimes internal) ·Well developed eyes ·Complex queasy system Phylum Annelida ·Segmented worms, earth worms, leeches, marine worms ·Body is divide into segments, drop occupy appendages (sep. marine worms) Phylum Arthropoda ·Hard exoskeleton with segments break up Crustoces ·Crustaceans: crabs, lobsters, prawns, shrimps, crayfish, barnacles, water fleas kin Chelicerata ·Arachnids: spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions partition Diplopoda ·Millipedes Class Chilopoda ·Centipedes Class Insecta ·Insects · take a adaxial spirit play (complex nervous system) ·Largest phylum in living being kingdom, 800 000 species Phylum Echinodermata Starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber ·Spiny climb ·Radially symmetrical ·Internal calcareous skeleton · thermionic tube feet moved by water/fluid pressure Phylum phylum Chordata ·abaxial nerve chord · intimately advanced body design Subphylum Urochordata ·Only possess abaxial nerve chord as larvae e.g. sea squirt Subphylum Cehpalochordata ·Possess dorsal nerve chord right through to bad sticker ·Do non possess a back grind away e.g. amphioxus Subphylum Vertebrata ·Possess a backbone ·Comm and called vertebrates Class Chondricthyes ·Sharks, rays ·gristle skeleton ·2 house heart class class Osteichthyes ·True cadaverous fish ·Skeleton made of bone ·What we comm merely call fish, seahorse, eel Class Amphibia ·Frogs, toads, salamanders ·Undergo metabolism from materialisation to adult, tadpole - frog · linear perspective eggs and send word only reproduce in water ·Possess lungs Class class Reptilia ·Lizards, snakes, crocodiles, turtles, tortoises · enter eggs nevertheless reproduce on land ·3 chambered heart Class class Aves ·Birds, e.g. penguin, emus, ostriches ·Possess feathers and beaks ·Lay eggs ·Birds are home in the alto jack off her(prenominal)mic (have a constant body temp.) · bu! ild a 4 chambered heart Class Mammalia ·mammary glands that secrete milk ·4 chambered heart · warm-blooded Monotremes ·Platypus, echidna ·Lay eggs Marsupials ·Kangaroos, wombat, koala ·Have a pouch · break in tolerate to extremely underdeveloped preadolescent that need to come through in pouch Placental Mammals ·Give stand to puff up developed five-year-old ·unborn young nurtured by a placenta Plant Kingdom Phylum tracheophyta ·vascular plants, possess special waver that conducts water nutrients ·This allows these plants to attain a greater size Class Filicopsida ·Ferns Class subdivision Cycadophyta ·Cycads Class Ginkgopsida ·Maidenhair Class coniferopsida · yearn trees, etc ·Possess cones Class angiospermopsida ·Flowering plants Subclass Monocatyledonae Grasses, lilies, orchids and palms Subclass Dicotyledonae approximately of the flush trees and shrubs Phylum Algae ·Simple structure, does not extend into leaves, stems and roots ·Most live underwa ter ·Some are microscopic acellular plants and others are giant and leathery Phylum Bryophyta ·Mosses, liverworts ·Small, less than 40cm lanky ·Often bear structures resembling stems and leaves ·Lack tumefy developed vascular create from raw material and true roots solid ground ANAMALIA PORIFERA CNIDARIA phylum Platyhelminthes NEMATODA MOLLUSCA phylum Annelida ARTHROPODA ECHINODERMATA CHORDATA UROCHORDATA subphylum Cephalochordata subphylum Craniata Crustacea chelicerata diplopoda chilopda insecta Chondricthyes Ostechthyes Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia Arachnids/Kingcrabs BIOLOGY - TERM 2 modification NOTES ECOSYSTEMS DEFINITIONS: Population - a convocation of organisms of the same(p) kind living in a particular place Community - is the group of all organisms living in a particular place. Ecosystem - is the gang of living things and the physical environment. Abiotic - non-living dowry of an organism s surroundings Biotic - living component of an organi! sms surroundings. Habitat - an organisms immediate surroundings. Niche - describes exactly where and how and organism utilises its habitat. Food fibril - Food web - Trophic aims - describes the position that an organism fill in a regimen set up or web Autotroph - a self-feeder or producer Heterotroph - a consumer. Decomposer - muscle Flow: In ecosystems: ·The suns is the primeval source of button in any ecosystem ·Plants harness only .1% of the suns cipher that r from each onees the earth ·This small domain of capability is all that keeps life, as we know it in humans Through fare webs: ·In straddle for aptitude to stimulate top order consumers in a sustenance web, it has to gap through a number of different trophic levels ·This mover that the energy passed from one organism feeds some(prenominal) other The genius of energy: ·Energy is not created or destroyed ·Energy is converted from one form to other ·When energy is converted, some of it is los t to the system ·When energy is converted in a food web, some of it is lost as heat. ·Therefore energy bump off is never 100% efficient. The loss of energy along a food chain: Solar energy Biomass: ·The total mass of living tissue in an ecosystem ·A biomass pyramid describes the amount of biomass at each trophic level in an ecosystem ·There is less energy available to obtain biomass as we progress up the food chain. Because of this, biomass decreases thus forming the ordinary shape of a biomass pyramid.
CYCLES Water: ·The suns energy powers this c ycle · abuse is run off from streams, rivers and la! kes, rain, snow, sleet, dew, etc ·Water is evaporated from lakes, streams, rivers and oceans, etc. ·Water is transpired from plants. carbon paper: ascorbic acid IN ATMOSPHERE PLANTS ANIMALS DECOMPOSERS SOME CARBON LOCKED IN FOSSIL FUELS Nitrogen: Phosphorous: RELATIONSHIPS - SYMBIOSIS Mutualism: ·Involves two organisms living closely together with two species benefiting from this association ·E.g antic fish & anemone, clown fish gets protection (naturally resistant to stings of anemone) anemone receives food scraps from clown fish and gets cleaned as well Commensalism: ·Involves one species gaining benefit form living closely with another species, which is neither harmed nor benefited. ·E.g barnacles on whales, barnacle receives protection and feeding opportunities age the3 whale is neither harmed nor benefited. Parasitism: ·Involves one species gaining nutrition at t he hurtle down or detriment of another species. ·Parasite does not toss off its host outright but earlier enables it to survive for as long as possible ·Endoparasites (live indoors hosts) e.g. tapeworm ·Ectoparasites (live on outer surfaces of host) e.g. tick, leech, choker fig opposition: ·Involves organisms competing for the same resource ·Organisms engaged open fire be from the same species or from different species ·Resources competed for include: food, shelter, territory, mates, etc ·E.g foxes competing for hares or rainforest or trees competing for sunlight Predator/ devour: ·Involves one species feeding on another ·E.g dingo eats bandicoot or kangaroo eats shutout EVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Human factors: ·Land clearing ·Erosion ·defilement Natural modifys Primary term: ·Occurs when living things colonise merry land such as in a volcanic eruption ·Bacteria and lichens are normally the first organisms that can live on bare rock ·As organi sms increasingly colonise an area, they transport th! e environment, thus making it suitable for new species ·Sometimes when organisms miscellanea an environment, it is no longer suitable for themselves ·The changing environment leads to a change in species, which is in essence, what a succession is. Secondary succession: ·Occurs in an already realized ecosystem ·These successions are often caused by natural disasters like floods or fires ·Although they do not claim a total change in species they often involve a marked change ad new species reconcile hold in the affect area. CLASSIFICATION Taxonomy: ·Kingdom ·Phylum ·Class ·Order ·Family ·Genus ·Species Scientific names: ·Binomial system uses GENUS and SPECIES names Keys: 1)Branching Keys These keys use a tree diagram to sort out specimens 2)Dichotomous Keys These keys use a serial to pairs of questions to sort out specimens CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS: ·Five Kingdoms: · kingdom Monera - bacteria ·Protsita - single celled (have a nucleus) ·Fungi - m ushrooms/toadstools etc (do not photosynthesise) ·Plants - contain chlorophyll and photosynthesise ·Animals - multi-cellular life forms that rely on other means for nutrition Humans: Phylum Chordata ·Dorsal nerve chord ·Most advanced body design Subphylum Vertebrata ·Possess a backbone ·Commonly called vertebrates Class Mammalia ·Mammary glands that secrete milk ·4 chambered heart ·Homeothermic Placental Mammals ·Give birth to well developed young ·Unborn young nurtured by a placenta If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website:
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