Public Library †Architectural Essay

* Introduction * Definition A depository depository library (from French librairie Latin liber = intensity) is an organized accumulation of reading resources made admittanceible to a delimitate community for reference or acceptance. It go forths physical or digital admission charge to material, and whitethorn be a physical building or elbow elbow agency, or a virtual shoes, or both. A librarys collection kindle include books, periodicals, juvenilespapers, manuscripts, films,maps, prints, documents, microform, CDs, cassettes, videotapes, DVDs, Blu-ray Discs, e-books, audio books, data basals, and a nonher(prenominal)(a)wise formats.Libraries range in coat from a few shelves of books to several jillion items. * A human beings library should encourage the bring home the baconing purposes seek, seeking, developmenting, showdown, and borrowing. Major trends likely to influence library send off in the foreseeable prox include a 30% admission feeion in pensi wi zrs by 2025, and a signifi ejectt diminution in those of work age a significant growing in those with a higher(prenominal) education more spell- time work more jobs in knowledge-based disciplines, and less in manuf hazarduring. * History The concept of the public library evolved from the Guildh any program library in 15th century London.In the 17th and 18th centuries, around libraries were created by gift or endowment, simply by the beginning of the 19th century, these had broadly s invoiceing been superseded by either institutional (e. g. those attached to mechanics institutes or literary and philosophical societies) or subscription libraries. The Public Libraries Act of 1850 was one of several brotherly reforms of the mid- 19th century, and was gener whollyy in decennaryded to create free libraries, available to any classes of society throughout the country. The first two purpose- intentional public libraries were Norwich and Warrington, in 1857.The Public Libraries A ct of 1919 further extended library cookery. Besides the bring library and the reading way of life, most libraries now had a reference department, and umpteen had separate barbarianrens departments. After 1918 on that point was a considerable increase in technical and commercial libraries ( over 115 by 1924). By the 1930 most libraries had adopted open access (as opposed to books being available over a counter via the library provide), which undeniable more sophisticated classification and cataloguing systems the Dewey system was ordinaryly adopted.Increasing literacy and leisure time plus the culture explosion make it important to plan for maximum flexibleness and for future expansion. New techniques argon changing methods of authority, indexing and retrieval. The growing availability of computerized instruction (particularly on compact discs and on-line electronic systems) means there is a change in emphasis from book retentivity to information commutation utilizin g computer equipment. These require auxiliaryal ventilation and salutary power supplies, and competent let downing take aims for users.The wide availability of computers means that the problem of space, and particularly the repair of a library in a single building, whitethorn no longer be critical. * Space Requirements * Public work A rally library whitethorn serve in the region of one million guests per year, with a vizor cursory count of approximately 5000 to 6000 plurality and a peak hourly count of up to 400. The interest service empyreans may be provided * Branch library May be included as a discrete section of a central library, probably come on the penetrationway, and cater for more popular books and related material.There leave alone be only a few thousand volumes, acting as a taster invitation to what is available elsewhere in the library. The library may be divided into subject playing argonas, perhaps with defined dubiousness ranks. Study spaces, shop areas, and publicly available computer terminals can withal be provided in each subject area. The various areas may be open plan, but essential be visually defined ( maybe by variations in lighting, diverse finishes and planting).* Older teenage section An area for this group is desirable ( manufacture and non-fiction) and should be dictated between the childrens library and main change library (literature and humanities sections). * Childrens library Occupying approximately 300 m2, with approximately 1cc0 volumes for ages up to 14 and their careers, this area should have its declare identity, and demonstrate to all children that visit the library is a safe and enjoyable experience. There must be good visibility to maximize child security and safety it should to a fault be difficult for children to wander out of this area.* There should be a sequence of information books for all ages and sections for * pre- trail (there should be kinderboxes, shelves with picture book s, novelty cushions, child chairs) * early school years ( cushy-reader books, with conquer shelves and browser units) * primary school years (stories, with appropriate shelves and browser units) m young teenage (novels, with appropriate shelves and browser units). Spoken-word cassettes and other media should too be available. In addition, provide ten subject field places, eight browsing seat and an enquiry desk for two supply.* Childrens activities room A room for up to 35 children may be demand for a variety of activities (63m2). * Exhibition area Easily tender from the main entrance, but with a distinct identity and with adequate security, an area for exhibitions is desirable (40m2). * Lavatories The requirement for customers is 38m2 and too 15m2 for the childrens library, which should include a nappy changing room. Depending on the overall plan, one or two sets of supply lavatories impart be call for (each of 32m2).* Meeting rooms- Include one room for 100 flock (200m2 in total), with divider to separate the room in a proportion of 6040. Chair storage and simple ply facilities are also necessary. A lessened room for almost sixer people is also required. Access may be required when other parts of the library are shut good access from entrance(s) is and then required. * Special collection library This area may be required in larger or finicalized libraries. An adjoining librarians speckle is necessary.* Refreshments/coffee bar For 50 customers maximum, providing drinks, snacks and light meals (105m2). * Sales point An area to promote sales is required (this may be no more than a display case) the strategic location is important, but it may be combined with another area (13m2). * Study desks These should be suited for use with personal computers (which may be the customers own machine, necessitating simple plug- in compatibility). The integration of PCs with believe furniture is very important. deuce power sockets are also requi red.* Art in architecture Libraries are often considered excellent places in which to display topical anesthetic (or national) art, either in the form of permanent murals or sculpture, designed as an integral part of the building, or in facilities for temporary exhibitions. * Subject departments Organization of a library into subject departments has always been a consideration. * Related Local Projects * Bohol Provincial subroutine library and Information Center New Capitol Complex, Marapao Street, Tagbilaran urban center, Bohol * Alaminos urban center depository library Alaminos urban center Hall, Alaminos City, Pangasinan * Butuan City Library J. Rosales Ave. , Butuan City.* Cavite Provincial Library Legislative create, Provl Capitol, Trece Martires City * Leocadio Alonsagay Dioso Memorial Public Library (Municipal Library of Pandan, Antique) Pandan, Antique, Philippines * Marikina City Public Library V. Gomez St. cor. Shoe Ave. , San Roque, Marikina City * National Librar y of the Philippines T. M. Kalaw Ermita 1000, Philippines * Quezon City Public Library (Several Branches) * San Carlos City Public Library (Negros Occidental) 610 Elm Street, San Carlos, CA 94070 * Raul S. Roco Library (Naga City Public Library) City Hall Compound, J. Miranda Ave. , Naga City * Zamboanga del Norte Public Library.Santa Cruz, Dapitan City, Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines * Supporting data point * A possible arrangement of a central library could typically be as follows (The Architects Handbook) * Business At 184m2, this department contains 2100 volumes covering all aspects of business information (local, national and international). Customers depart include those hoping to set up their own business, those undertaking research to develop their existing business, and students. Some queries may come via fax or phone. Computerized information resources will probably be more prevalent here than in other departments.Includes 40 pick up places and an enquiry point for tw o module. * Community With 9000 volumes (300m2), this holds social intuitions and all quick-reference industrial plant (e. g. repointories, yearbooks, timetables, and so on ). Includes 30 study places and an enquiry desk for ternion staff. Customers will be coming for both quick fact-finding and for longer-term study any authorisation conflict then needs to be resolved. * Humanities Department for arts, amateurish pursuits (e. g. gardening), religion, symphony (books and scores), sound recordings (music cassettes and compact discs), and videos for hire.With 495m2, 22 000 volumes, 9000 recordings (including videos), and 10500 sheet music. Includes 12 study spaces, four browsing seats and an enquiry desk for triad staff. Note that there is a noise problem with customers browsing through music cases, which can be distracting in the study areas. * Literature and language Department for expectant fiction (9000 volumes), large-print fiction, spoken- word cassettes, multi-me dia, drama (9000 volumes), single copies and play sets (286m2), covering position and foreign languages. Includes 12 study spaces, four browsing seats and an enquiry desk for two staff.Local studies/history 3000 volumes on public shelves (230m2) 50 study places enquiry desk for one-third staff. This area will be utilise by short-term browsers (e. g. tourists) and for long-term study (students and researchers). It will also be use by those wanting information about local statutory agencies, and those facial expression for a quiet study area. Environmental conditions for this area must be designed in harmony with BS 5454 1989. * battalion and places For information books on travel (guides and travel/adventure), biographies, and human geography. 15000 volumes (240m2) 15 study places four browsing places enquiry desk for two staff.* Science and engineering science sphere with 11000 volumes (200m2), covering reckon and pure and applied sciences 20 study places no browsing seats enquiry desk for two staff. Access and circulation areas generally As mentioned above, generally all public and staff areas should be accessible to people with disabilities, particularly those with crapper or hearing impairments. * Other considerations are as follows (The Architects Handbook)* Customer services/reception An informal and welcoming atmosphere is required, as this is the first study point of contact for new customers and where existing customers can resolve queries (e.g. about availability and overdue books) space is required for three staff (51m2). Estimated peak daily level of registration updates is approximately 200 estimated peak level of enquiries, approximately 600. The area should intromit for satisfactory queuing arrangements.The general layout requirements are for a professional, inviting and efficient reception area clear layout and book of instructions for customers maximum flexibility in staff resources sufficient supervision of customers and comme nsurate staff security.* inbred circulation The flow of people and materials (particularly the two-way flow of trolleys) should be made as easy as possible. Note that circulation areas provide opportunities for hooliganism and concealment of theft, and should so be kept to a minimum follow a lawful route award visual control by staff (closed-circuit TV may be installed) allow segregation of staff and public areas allow segregation to enable secure out- of-hours use to condition areas and allow easy emergency evacuation.* Internal vertical circulation This should be by lift and stairs, and possibly escalator. Lifts should allow movement of staff, books and materials to all floor levels be linked with the book select office provide public access to main lending floors provide equal access for out-of-hours use. No more than four lifts should be provided. Security generally The key those wanting information about local statutory agencies, and those looking for a quiet study a rea.Environmental conditions for this area must be designed in accordance with BS 5454 1989. * People and places For information books on travel (guides and travel/adventure), biographies, and human geography. 15000 volumes (240m2) 15 study places four browsing places enquiry desk for two staff. * Science and technology Area with 11000 volumes (200m2), covering computing and pure and applied sciences 20 study places no browsing seats enquiry desk for two staff.Access and circulation areas generally As mentioned above, generally all public and staff areas should be accessible to people with disabilities, particularly those with sight or hearing impairments. * Other considerations are as follows (The Architects Handbook) * Customer services/reception An informal and welcoming atmosphere is required, as this is the first major point of contact for new customers and where existing customers can resolve queries (e. g. about availability and overdue books) space is required for three s taff (51m2).Estimated peak daily level of registration updates is approximately 200 estimated peak level of enquiries, approximately 600. The area should allow for satisfactory queuing arrangements. The general layout requirements are for a professional, inviting and efficient reception area clear layout and instructions for customers maximum flexibility in staff resources suitable supervision of customers and suitable staff security. * Internal circulation The flow of people and materials (particularly the two-way flow of trolleys) should be made as easy as possible.Note that circulation areas provide opportunities for vandalism and concealment of theft, and should thus be kept to a minimum follow a logical route allow visual control by staff (closed-circuit TV may be installed) allow segregation of staff and public areas allow segregation to enable secure out- of-hours use to specified areas and allow easy emergency evacuation. * Internal vertical circulation This should be by lift and stairs, and possibly escalator.Lifts should allow movement of staff, books and materials to all floor levels be linked with the book form office provide public access to main lending floors provide suitable access for out-of-hours use. No more than four lifts should be provided. Security generally The key considerations concern the control of access between staff and public areas (both during and outside opening hours), and legal community of theft. These issues can be addressed by strategic location of staff enquiry points, with line-of- sight control CCTV cameras electronic book sensors at leave points and security personnel.* Trolleys Allowance must be made for trolleys for instance, by providing suitable protection to prevent damage to wall surfaces, adequate door widths, and suitable flooring (studded and ribbed flooring is not suitable). * Entry/access areas nonpareil main entrance and two others are required, preferably separate * main(prenominal) entrance foy er/lobby ( 190m2) should be clear and inviting, and be sufficiently spacious to cater both for visitors who have a specific finish and those who may wish to wander around.* Public out-of-hours entrance must provide a short and secure access route from the street to the meeting rooms etc. It could be combined with the main entrance, but a lift solely for out-of- hours use is not acceptable. * Staff/service entrance to be a safe and secure area, particularly for staff release after dark. Queuing space should be allowed for 40 people to wait (at 0. 5 m2/person, 20m2 is required). * In-counters (51m2) There will be one central counter for the all in all building, after which customers will either move to other departments, move to customer reception, or leave.Peak hourly levels of customers are approximately 250-300, with a peak hourly level of returns of approximately 1000 items. Space is required for three staff plus computer terminals for customers. The layout must allow for clea r and direct flows. * Out-counters (38m2) All items issued or renewed will be from the out-counter and there may be more than one, depending on overall layout. Note that some customers may wish to return to other areas of the library (e. g. the coffee bar) after visit the out- counter. Peak levels are as for the in-counter. Space is required for two staff plus computer terminals for customers.The layout must allow for clear and direct flows in particular, customers not wishing to borrow items must be able to lift becoming involved with this area. * Library returns bin This is required in the entrance area for returns during times when the library is closed. It must be a secure unit. * Self-issue terminals The space required is 3 m2/terminal and at least three terminals are required at various points in the library. * Smartcards The inclusion of a smartcard system is increasingly likely, to allow customers to pay for services (e. g. photocopying, overdue charges, borrowing video s, etc. ).The machines will be located throughout the library. * Admin and staff alteration In addition to a general admin office space of roughly 53 m2, provision will also include the following. * Enquiry desks These should ideally be located so that they can service more than one department at quiet times or during staff shortages. * bibliothecs office (20m2) The base for the bus in charge of the square building, the room must be close to the administrative support and interrogate rooms. Apart from terrestrial managerial tasks, the room will be utilize for small discussions with up to two people and project work.* Library managers office ( 13m2) This includes one office for two assistants, shared desk, and also room for small meetings of one to three people. Privacy is necessary, although easy access/overview is required for counters and customer services. The office should be located near the split library. * Delivery area (16m2) There will be a daily in bringing of boxes containing books from this library, but returned to other libraries books requested from other libraries and new books. The out tar will be of books sorted in the sorting office, and books requested by other libraries.This area will also act as a short-term reception and dispatch area for other equipment, furniture, exhibition equipment, etc. , and sufficient space should be allowed for this. * Interview room (14m2) To be used by all staff for private meetings, estimate interviews, meeting the public and recruitment interviews, the room must accommodate up to four people and ensure confidentiality is maintained. * Local studies reserve quid ( 150m2) most(prenominal) local studies buy in will be reference only, in closed-access storage areas, obtained by staff on customer request access systems therefore need to be quick and simple.(Book lashings must be designed in accordance with BS 5454 1989. ) A local studies workroom (38m2) will normally be required adjacent to th e local studies area. * Reserve stacks (155m2) accredited sections of stock will be housed in closed-access rolling stack storage, including seasonal overflow (fewer items are borrowed during the summer and over Christmas) reference stock music sets play sets. The lading of rolling stack storage is substantial and will need to be taken into account in structural calculations. * prepare area for exhibits A secure storage area issmartcard system is increasingly likely, to allow customers to pay for services (e. g. photocopying, overdue charges, borrowing videos, etc. ). The machines will be located throughout the library. * Admin and staff accommodation In addition to a general admin office space of roughly 53 m2, provision will also include the following.* Enquiry desks These should ideally be located so that they can service more than one department at quiet times or during staff shortages. * Librarians office (20m2) The base for the manager in charge of the whole building, the room must be close to the administrative support and interview rooms.Apart from everyday managerial tasks, the room will be used for small discussions with up to two people and project work. * Library managers office ( 13m2) This includes one office for two assistants, shared desk, and also room for small meetings of one to three people. Privacy is necessary, although easy access/overview is required for counters and customer services. The office should be located near the branch library. * Delivery area (16m2) There will be a daily in pitch shot of boxes containing books from this library, but returned to other libraries books requested from other libraries and new books.The out delivery will be of books sorted in the sorting office, and books requested by other libraries. This area will also act as a short-term reception and dispatch area for other equipment, furniture, exhibition equipment, etc. , and sufficient space should be allowed for this. * Interview room (14m2) To be used by all staff for private meetings, appraisal interviews, meeting the public and recruitment interviews, the room must accommodate up to four people and ensure confidentiality is maintained.* Local studies reserve stack ( 150m2) Most local studies stock will be reference only, in closed-access storage areas, obtained by staff on customer request access systems therefore need to be quick and simple. (Book stacks must be designed in accordance with BS 5454 1989. ) A local studies workroom (38m2) will usually be required adjacent to the local studies area. * Reserve stacks (155m2) Certain sections of stock will be housed in closed-access rolling stack storage, including seasonal overflow (fewer items are borrowed during the summer and over Christmas) reference stock music sets play sets.The weight of rolling stack storage is substantial and will need to be taken into account in structural calculations. * Secure area for exhibits A secure storage area is required, with easy a ccess to both the delivery area and the exhibition area. * Security control room (17m2) This acts as the base for control attendants, and for the closed- circuit TV system. * Sorting office (63m2) Required for sorting all returns.The main divisions are for return (by trolley) to the various departments for return to other libraries for special requests (e.g. customer reservations) and for particular processes (e. g. book repair). smother shelving for 1000 items is required for temporary storage during peak flows or staff shortages. This area also acts as a supervisory area for the counters and the customer reception, allowing the easy parcelling of additional staff when necessary and for general troubleshooting duties.* Staff room (115m2) With a total staff of approximately 50, the staff room should accommodate set for 30 and also be suitable for relaxation, social gatherings and informal meetings.During special events, staff will work outside normal working hours so there sho uld be an adjacent kitchen area suitable for making light meals and drinks a dishwasher may be desirable. Staff lockers (25m2) are ideally located in a separate room and storage for pie-eyed clothing is also required. * Stock workroom (127m2) For four to five staff, its functions are touch books from the delivery area repairing stock binding requirements stock exchanges inter-library loans for music sets. Wall shelving is required for approximately 2000 books.* Subject staff workroom (152m2) Required for processing labyrinthian enquiries and selecting new stock, these rooms are needed in humanities, literature and science libraries for six librarians and support staff (maximum). Wall shelving will be required. * musical arrangement room (38m2) Needed to house computer equipment for library circulation and other information systems. * Training room (58m2) Required for meetings and training sessions, facilities must be suitable for current technology and equipment. * Shelf sto rage Typical examples based on 900mm shelf module areadult non-fiction37 vols/900mm run of shelving adult fiction 30 sheet music 60 junior fiction 44 junior non-fiction 74 All shelving units should be four shelves high leave off local studies 6 shelves high music scores 3 (overall flush to be as four-shelf unit) childrens non-fiction ditto * Other areas * sick room (10m2) * stationery store (25m2) * general stores (four approximately 1000m2 in total) * cleaners room/store (29m2) * WCs shower if possible. * Preferred space standards, from the Follett Report, are * one space for 6 full-time-equivalent students.* 2. 39m2 per reader (subsequent research indicates that 2. 5-3. 0mZ may be required) * reader modules to be minimum of 900 x 600mm * information technology (IT) spaces to be 1200 x 800mm. * Building Services (The Architects Handbook) Heat reduction is a major problem, and is exacerbated by the use of computers. Air- conditioning is expensive and environmentally undesirable an d should therefore only be used where essential, natural ventilation being the preferred option (traditional windowpane ventilation, however, can be a security risk).Service zones are required above ceilings and below floors ventilation systems, heating and electrical fittings, and information technology units, must be designed to allow flexibility of layout, and must allow for movement of shelving without causing disruption. Distribution cabling for networked computer systems and terrestrial/satellite aerials also needs to be allowed for. Noise in libraries is a problem, both from outdoor(a) sources and between different activity areas within the building. Acoustic considerations must therefore be carefully considered.* Maximum Floor Area Allowance per resident physician (occupant load factor) from International Building Code Reading rooms 50 net Stack area 100 gross * The loading applies to stack room floors that support nonmobile, double- faced library book stacks, subject to t he following limitations (International Building Code) * The nominal book stack unit height shall not communicate 90 inches * The nominal shelf depth shall not exceed 12 inches for each face * Parallel rows of double-faced book stacks shall be separated by aisles not less than 36 inches wide. References/s* TIME-SAVER STANDARDS FOR BUILDING TYPES 2nd edition, International Edition change by JOSEPH De CHIARA and derriere HANCOCK CALLENDER 1983 by McGraw-Hill Book Co-Singapore 2nd printing 1987 * The Architects Handbook Edited by Quentin Pickard RIBA 2002 Blackwell Science Ltd * 2012 International Building Code First picture May 2011 Second Printing June 2011 * http//readphilippines. com/Forum/viewtopic. php? f=33&t=74 * http//paarl. wikispaces. com/LibrariesPublic%20Libraries * http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Library * http//web. nlp. gov. ph/nlp/.