Effects of Training Hours on Cardiovascular System

Effects of Training Hours on Cardiovascular governanceImran OsmanThe effect of the amount fosterage hours per week on the cardiovascular physical fitness of sport f exclusively a participantsStudies much(preno bital) as that by Shannan E. Gormley et al. (2008) and Tabata et al. (1996) clearly show that employment and well-ordered home bestow have a positive effect on the fancy (circulatory system) and the respiratory system and in that locationfore on the cardiovascular fitness of the soul. The aim of this understand was to further endorse and determine the effect that cooking hours have on cardiovascular fitness of sport participants. Both the resting total sum ups and VO2 liquid ecstasy of sport performers were recurrencen into account when measuring the cardiovascular fitness.Frequent training is of key importance for sport participants. Regular training should increase the aerobic fitness of the performer due to increasing their VO2 grievous bodily harm and dec reasing their resting optic step. The shot suggested that an increase in average training hours per week would results in an increase in VO2 easy lay and decrease in gist post. This is based on the fact that VO2 max is the maximum criterion of oxygen that the body can utilise per minute during intense reading (Elizabeth Quinn, 2011) which is said to be an accu lay out measure of cardiovascular fitness. Resting brass appreciate is in addition a determinant of the fitness of sport participants. The resting heart pace of those who maintain and train more frequently should be lower because slight effort is needed from the heart to pump blood.(Source?) Found this as a source cant find a author though.http//www.nytimes.com/ health/guides/specialtopic/physical-activity/exercises-effects-on-the-heart.hypertext markup language Try to find a journal that says it because they prefer you to use bothy reviewed sourcesFifty sport participants, 25 male and 25 female took part in t he study. The experiments included measurements of severally participants VO2 max, resting heart rate and average training hours per week in their specific sport. In summation to this, alcohol intake and whether or non the participants smoked were recorded, as all of these factors may affect the results.Ethical issues were considered before the mental tests on these subjects were carried erupt. For example participants had prone informed consent, they understood their role in the experiment, as well as having the choice to withdraw at any time. The subjects had volunteered to take part and were not pressurised to participate. If the participants had an injury or disease they would not be chosen to take part as this may have adversely affect their health during the experiment and have a negative impact on results.VO2 max was measured exploitation the Astrand 6 minute cycle VO2 max test which was performed using a cycle ergometer. A heart rate monitor, measure scales and a s topwatch were also required. Resting heart rate is the number of shell per minute when the performer is at complete rest (Elizabeth Quinn, 2011), and was measured using the heart rate monitor. Many experiments involving the measurement of VO2 max have utilise the Astrand cycle test such as that by R.E. Cink et al.(1981) and it was said to be successful, also a study by G. Keren et al.(1980) on the Comparison of unhomogeneous Methods for the Determination of VO2 max came to the conclusion that the Astrand-Rhyming procedure can be a reliable measure for maximal oxygen consumption. Therefore this test was chosen for the investigation.Before each participant carried out the test, the seat height was modify appropriately where the knee was almost straight and the pedalling position made to be comfortable for the subject. In advance to the participant took part in a 3 minute warm-up. The initial cycle work rate was wad to 125 kilogram-force meter/minute. This setting was chosen as it was appropriate when smell at the age of each participant also this setting should mature the participants heart rate to 130-160bpm after 2 transactions cycling at 50rpm before the test starts. The participants would start the test on command and the stopwatch was then started. The performer(s) pedalled at 50rpm for 6 proceeding whilst go steadying their heart rate amongst 120-170 bpm. The heart rate was chosen to be hold at this consort as recommended by G. Keren (1980), who is one of many others who carried out studies using the Astrand technique. He said that the procedure can only be a reliable measure for maximal oxygen consumption if through with(p) properly in the way that Astrand, (1985) carried it out so that heart rate should be kept between 120-170 beats/min. The participants heart rate was recorded each minute and after 2 minutes if the participants heart rate was not in the bell ringer range of 120-170bpm then the work rate wattage was adjusted accordingly. The heart rate rose to a level in the target range and then levelled off, staying relatively constant during the last few minutes of exercise. subsequently 6 minutes the test stopped and the final work rate wattage was recorded. To estimate VO2 max using this protocol, the Astrand-Ryhming nomogram was used, exchangeable to the study by Stephen. F.Siconolfi (1985), where the nomograph technique is carried out where the heart rate (left of nomograph) is plot and then the workload (right of nomograph), which helps find the VO2 max (middle of nomograph). Once the estimated VO2 max honor had been determined the calculation-based formula was used where the estimated VO2 max value was multiplied by the appropriate correction factor (based on age).A treadwheel or a stationary bike could have been used to measure the VO2 max and it was important to stay with the same apparatus for each participant to maintain an accurate and fair test.The bicycle ergometer was chosen over the treadmill b ecause it is less expensive, requires less space and is easily transported. It also makes it easier to take heart rate or attach an ECG and requires little training or practice. Furthermore, mechanic talent of individuals on stationary bikes varies less than the mechanical efficiency of during running protocols. It is also relatively easy to calculate the external work done on a bike, whereas the work done on a treadmill could be quite variable. Due to variation in mechanical efficiency of a treadmill, bike tests were assimilaten to be better at identifying differences between subjects VO2 max.The mean resting heart rates and mean VO2 max of each participant (male and female) were calculated. As well as the standard deviations of resting heart rate and VO2 max, to see the number of variations that can exist from the average and to determine how numbers alter and how spread out they are.ResultsThe average resting heart and average VO2 max of each participant as well as the standa rd deviationsNote (Do quantifiable comparison here)-comparing males and females vo2 and resting HR?..Table of general resultsSubject number sexAverage Training Hours per weekVO2 Max (ml/kg/min)Resting HR (bpm)1 egg-producing(prenominal)2048542 feminine944593 effeminate2232744Female1841665Female635696Female1836697Female1642658Female1042679Female12476610Female8416611Female24506112Female14317513Female20604814Female18594815Female18416616Female20605617Female12486418Female11416519Female10436320Female26466121Female22674022Female16545023Female16366924Female16566225Female12505726 masculine18396827 male8436828 young-begetting(prenominal)12466629 male9476230Male16465831Male16387232Male16445833Male12406034Male20425835Male22416836Male18446037Male16555638Male16346939Male18446540Male14356941Male18624342Male20457043Male9347544Male16445445Male8386746Male8327047Male9436348Male14435549Male18605350Male104762Imran I dont think you need the info for every subject, just the averages. Otherwise theres too much entropy to read.The results vaguely show that as the number of training hours increase, the cardiovascular fitness for both(prenominal) genders increases. Figure 1 vaguely shows that the VO2 max increases for both genders, and figure 2 vaguely shows that for both genders as the average number of training hours increases the resting heart rate decreases.Figures 1 and 2 show that there was a large variation in results and that the results are not all close to the line of best fit, the data has anomalies, although there is a weak correlation. The variation could be muckle to factors such as the participants smoking and/ or having high alcohol intake, therefore affecting the VO2 max and resting heart rate. The participants may also have carried out distinguishable types of training and training in a way that was specific to their individual sports. Their activities may have been aerobic or anaerobic training and this was not taken into account.The biggest limitation is the fa ct that the results are varied and not all are connatural, there are many outliers, and as discussed this may be due to the differing types of training of the participants and so a future recommendation would be to carry out the experiment with a sample of participants who have best-loved sports of which are only anaerobic or only aerobic.Shannan E. Gormley et al. (2008) undertook a similar study to determine the effects of regular aerobic training on VO2 max and resting heart rate, and whether variant intensities of aerobic training differentially bear on VO2 max as well as resting HR and resting blood pressure. sixty one healthy young adults took part in the study, they were matched for sex and VO2max and were haphazard assigned to a moderate, vigorous near-maximal-intensity, or a non- exercising control group. Intensity during exercise was controlled by having the subjects maintain target HR. Exercise wad was controlled across the three training groups by varying duration a nd frequency. lv subjects completed a 6-wk training protocol on a stationary bicycle ergometer and pre and post testing.The researchers concluded that VO2 max had significantly increase in all exercising groups by 7.2, 4.8, and 3.4 ml/kg/min in the near-maximal, the vigorous, and the moderate-intensity groups, respectively. Therefore showing that Vo2 max increases with intensity of exercise as well as frequency of exercise.Other studies show similar results. Carleton B. Chapman and Robert. S. Frazer (1954) implies that regular exercise training increases cardiovascular function of an individual by increasing their cardiac output and therefore lowering the resting heart rate of the individual.A trial performed by Tabata et al. (1996) showed that after two experiments involving individuals whom are also young sport participants that took part in training programmes, and that after this regular training VO2 max of these individuals increases significantly.In conclusion, the results do not follow the hypothesis in that the data does not clearly show correlations of the effect of average training hours on the resting heart rates and VO2 max of this group of people. This even so is only for this specific group of people and may be down to other factors influencing these results such as their alcohol intake, if they smoke or not, and also more importantly, what is involved in their training. One participant may be mainly focusing on agility, whilst another on strength. Furthermore, their particular fair activity may be aerobic or anaerobic which may have affected the results also. Moreover, this sample size was small also, which means that the results cannot be generalised.ReferencesElizabeth Quinn. (2011). What Is VO2 Max. Online Accessed 20/02/2014 addressable from http//sportsmedicine.about.com/od/anatomyandphysiology/a/VO2_max.htm.Elizabeth Quinn. (July 26, 2011). Resting Heart Rate. Online Accessed 20/02/2014 forthcoming http//sportsmedicine.about.com/od/an atomyandphysiology/qt/Resting-Heart-Rate.htm.Tabata et al. (1996). (Department of Physiology and Biomechanics, National Institute of Fitness and Sports, JAPAN) Effects of moderate-intensity endurance and high-intensity sporadic training on anaerobic capacity and VO2max. Online Accessed 20/02/2014 Available from http//jeffosadec.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/effects-of-moderate-intensity-endurance-and-high-intensity-intermittent-training-on-anaerobic-capacity-and-e280a2vo2max.pdf.Carleton B. Chapman and Robert S. Frazer. (1954). Studies on the Effect of Exercise on Cardiovascular Function Cardiac turnout and Mean Circulation Time. Online Last accessed 19/02/2014.Available from http//circ.ahajournals.org/content/9/1/57.full.pdf+hypertext markup languageShannan E. Gormley et al.(2008) Effect of Intensity of Aerobic Training on VO2max. Online Accessed 20/02/2014 Available from http//www.medscape.com/viewarticle/576846REFERENCE THE ONES BELOW CORRECTLY..-STEVEN F. SICONOLFI, CAROL EWING GARBER, THOMAS M. LASATER ANDRICHARD A. CARLETON (1985) http//aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/121/3/382.full.pdf+html R.E. Cink, T.R. Thomas. (1981) http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1858756/pdf/brjsmed00255-0036.pdf EXERCISES EFFECTS ON THE HEART, New york times http//www.nytimes.com/health/guides/specialtopic/physical-activity/exercises-effects-on-the-heart.html-A comparison of various methods for the determination of VO2max. Keren G, Magazanik A, Epstein Y. (1980).VO2 max (use this to replace all throughout essay)Usefull links? http//www.sportsci.org/jour/0101/cf.htmhttp//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2644030http//www.sfu.ca/leyland/Kin343%20Files/ round%20Lab.pdfhttp//library.crossfit.com/ allow/pdf/52_06_VO2_Not_Gold_Standard.pdfLinks to do with the method/ Amstrad testhttp//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072844221/123981/laba3_3.pdfand http//web.sls.hw.ac.uk/teaching/level3/A33TT3/A33TT3/Practical%202%20Astrand%20Rhyming.prn.pdfhttp//www.brianmac.co.uk/cycle6m in.htmhttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQ2adzoaVdI(This link here willing help find studies using the test )=http//www.vo2konsulten.se/artiklar/dan_andersson_astrand_ryhming.pdf